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Water Consumption in Construction Ar. Namrata Amrut Patil Allana College of Architecture, Pune, India International Journal of Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture & Design Volume 4, Issue 2, April-June, 2016, pp. 58-66 ISSN Online: 2347-2855, Print: 2347-8284, DOA: 05022016 © IASTER 2016...

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Water Consumption in Construction Ar. Namrata Amrut Patil Allana College of Architecture, Pune, India International Journal of Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture & Design Volume 4, Issue 2, April-June, 2016, pp. 58-66 ISSN Online: 2347-2855, Print: 2347-8284, DOA: 05022016 © IASTER 2016, www.iaster.com

ABSTRACT Water resource management can be divided into 2 categories, 1.Water management during Building construction 2.Water management during Operation (End user). Water management during construction is the important area to study and understand because the amount of water used per unit area of construction largely remains undocumented. According to survey conducted in Pune, the cost of the water is very less when compare to cost of materials in the total cost of project. But as water is being a natural resource, the use of water should be optimum. In Pune, traditional/conventional method of construction is used for mostly residential projects (incl.0.5% commercial), where water consumption is more and water is wasted specially during Curing. Hence, the aim of this study is to understand water requirement in various construction activities (preparation, casting and curing), for labor camp on site & to reduce or for optimum use of water during construction, recommendation of alternative technologies/ materials. Considering the scope of the study, 12 no’s of case studies are done & analyzed within PMC & PCMC limits, which helped to draw inferences regarding use of water source, reasons for extra use & water cost per square feet of construction area.

Keywords: Alternative Technology, Natural Resource, Water Consumption, Water Management. 1.

INTRODUCTION

The construction industry in Pune is rapidly rising as to fulfill the demand of the growing population. As Construction of building consumes natural resources like materials, land, energy & water. Water being a very important natural resource, which is shrinking day by day, there should be proper or optimum use of water during construction. Because of scarcity of water, construction had been stopped in Pune. Losses had to bear by builders, investors, workers & buyers. The request was made to PMC that interior works should be allowed.

Fig 1: Article Mentioning issue of Water Scarcity, Pune

Referring to above issue, there is requirement of proper use of water in construction. Therefore, Study should be carried out to understand the water requirement for various activities which turn out to be Documentation of water consumption & helps to quantify water requirement for other similar projects. Hence, this research is oriented towards, understanding of water requirement for each

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International Journal of Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture & Design Volume-4, Issue-2, April-June, 2016, www.iaster.com

ISSN

(O) 2347-2855 (P) 2347-8284

construction activity and proposing a solution on the aligning of various construction activities by understanding requirement of water and to minimize the water usage/wastage, recommendation of alternative technology and materials.

2.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1) Standard Water Cement Ration: Especially for the concrete, it is very important to maintain the consistency & W/C ratio. The strength of concrete depends primarily upon the strength of the cement paste. For workable concrete which can be compacted properly with ease needs to correct W/C ration as per IS standards. The water cement ratio is different for different grades of concrete. Below table will give the W/C ration for different grades. For other activities of construction like mortar used for B.B.M & Plastering, the water requirement depends on the consistency & workability. It differs according to material used, context & climate. Generally water is calculated for per bag of cement. To generate the approx quantity of water required per cement bags, case studies has been done. Data of case studies is mentioned below.

Fig 1.1: W/C Ratio for Different Grades of Concrete Source: IS CODE -456-2000

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International Journal of Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture & Design Volume-4, Issue-2, April-June, 2016, www.iaster.com

ISSN

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Table W/C Ratio - Mixing Proportion MIXING PROPORTION WATER / CEMENT BAG (ltrs)

ACTIVITY R.C.C

25*

B.B.M

30

PLASTER(CM)

30

INT.PLASTER, GYPSUM IS USED

15

TILING

25-35**

WATERPROFING (B.B.COBA)

20

PAINTING (WATER BASED PAINTS)

0.5-1***

Note: *W/C differs for different grades of cement. **lower range is for Dado work higher range is for flooring work *** Lower range if for interior, Acrylic water based Paints & higher range for Exterior cement paints are used. Table-1, outcome of discussion with experienced structural & site engineers 2) Curing Period: Curing is the important activity which consumes more water. Curing period is analyzed both as per IS specification & on site. Table Curing Period SL. NO

ACTIVITY

CURING PERIOD( DAYS) AS PER STANDARDS

CURING PERIOD( DAYS) PRACTICALLY ON SITE

1

R.C.C

13

7

2

B.B.M

7-10

3

3

PLASTER(CM)

15

3

4

INT.PLASTER, GYPSUM IS USED

0

0

5

TILING

14

7

6

WATERPROFING (B.B.COBA)

15

7

7

PAINTING (CEMENT PAINTS)

7

7

(Mantri Sandeep, A To Z Practical Builsing Construction 7 Its Management, Third Edition, Published By Mantra Institute Of Development And Research -1998, Pune.) 3) Standard Water Requirement For Per Person Per Day: According to the Indian Standard & Water Supply & Sanitation committee of urban area, the requirement of a person per day is 135 litres for domestic use. The table below gives the water requirement per person per day. But, for the labor camp on site, some of the activities mentioned above in the table are not considered like washing the house. Table Ideal Water Requirement for labor SL.NO

DESCRIPTION

WATER/DAY/HEAD

1

BATHING

55

2

WASHING OF CLOTHS

20

3

FLUSHING OF WC

30

4

WASHING THE HOUSE

10

5

WASHING OF UTENSILS

10

6

COOKING

5

7

DRINKING

5

TOTAL

135 liters

(Water supply & sanitation by Rangawala)

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3.

ISSN

(O) 2347-2855 (P) 2347-8284

DATA COMPILATION

Data collection of varies case studies is in table format. Data collection includes the following information of the particular case study. 



  

includes the general information of the project like, project name, construction company name, plot area, construction area, cost of project/construction rate of the project and start & end date of the project, The quantity of work & No. of cement bags consumed for different construction activities with start & end dates of particular activity. Also includes grade of concrete, approx water used for 1 bag of cement for various construction activities. The information about the total labor required for particular construction activity per day and about the labor camp on site., The no. of slabs with area and no. of columns with the minimum & maximum size, The information about the water source used for construction. If bore well water is the source then what is the size of the underground storage tank & approx count of refilling of the tank in a day and in summer season. If water tanker then no. of tankers per month.

List of Case Studies: Table Twelve no’s of Case Studies, Pune

4.

SL.N O.

NAME OF PROJECT

PROJECT LOCATIO N

CONSTRUC TION AREA (SQFT)

WATER SOURCE

1,20,000

DURA TION (MONT H) 33

1

ALDEA ELSPANOLA

2

LA ROYALE

NEAR BALEWADI STADIUM, MAHALUN GE. UNDRI

34000

42

WELL

3

SANKLA EXCLUSIVE VISTA

PISOLI

1,20,000

40

BORE WELL + TANKERS

4

ALCONE SIGNARE

KONDWA

50700

27

BORE WELL & TANKERS

5

SATYAM PRIMA

MANJARI

84000

29

BORE WELL

6

SATYAM SHIVAM SUNDERAM

MANJARI

100437

29

BORE WELL + TANKERS

7

EISHA ERICA

DHAYARI

80000

59

WELL

8

BELLE VIE

WAGHOLI

113333

34

TANKERS

9

SHREED WOODS

DHANORI

105855

40

BORE WELL + PMC TANKERS

10

SAI MANGAL

WAGHOLI

114000

41

BORE WELL + PMC TANKERS

11

AYUSH PARK

TALEGAO N

112439

47

BORE WELL

12

SAI SANKUL

RAHATANI

112645

56

BORE WELL

BORE WELL + PCMC WATER TANKERS

DATA PROCESSING & ANALYSIS

Data processing is divided in to 3 parts  Part one includes the ideal water consumed for construction & Part Two includes the Ideal water consumed for labour camp & part three, the time line with monthly used of water which will be the actual water consumption of the project.

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International Journal of Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture & Design Volume-4, Issue-2, April-June, 2016, www.iaster.com

ISSN

(O) 2347-2855 (P) 2347-8284

 Data analysis is done by comparing total Ideal consumption of water (includes ideal water for construction & labour camp) to Actual consumption of water (includes actual water for construction & labour camp)  Difference between two will give the quantity of extra water used.  List of reasons for extra use of water. Example : Data Analyzed Case study 01: Aldea Elspanola Water source: Bore well for construction, PCMC tankers for labor camp. Table (a),(b): Shows Ideal & Actual Water Consumption Respectively – Case Study 01 (a)Ideal Consumption Of Water (Lacs Ltr) Construction Labor Camp

218.77 147.00

365.77

(b)Actual Consumption Of Water(Lacs Ltr) Construction

347.40

Labor Camp

200.00

547.40

Fig 4.1: Overall Water Consumption of Case Study 01

Fig 4.2: Activity Wise Water Consumption-Case Study 01 Extra use of water: 181.62 lacs litres, 10% is considered as allowable wastage, total % of wastage: 29.87% Cost of water: Rs 9 lacs (0.4% of project cost)

5.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 

12 no’s of case studies are analyzed separately and compared with each other on the bases of types water source used, duration of the project, extra used of water and increase in total cost of the projects.

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 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.  

ISSN

(O) 2347-2855 (P) 2347-8284

List of reasons for extra use of water are, Poor project planning Delay in project Water source Inefficiency / negligence Season consideration Arrange the above mentioned reasons top as priority and bottom as least, to each case study as they relate. Comparing water source with cost of actual water consumed. Table Data compilation of Case Studies CASE STUDY

DURATION (MONTH)

IDEAL WATER CONSUMPTION (LACS LITERS)

ACTUAL WATER CONSUMPTION (LACS LITERS)

ALDEA ELSPANOLA

33

365

547.4

LA ROYALE

42

218

510

SANKLA EXCLUSIVE VISTA

40

502

681

ALCONE SIGNARE

27

141

289.8

SATYAM PRIMA

29

181.4

312

SATYAM SHIVAM SUNDERAM

29

281

408

EISHA ERICA

59

219

777

BELLE VIE

34

250

269.7

SHREED WOODS

40

249

659.4

SAI MANGAL

41

258

459

AYUSH PARK

47

269

680.4

SAI SANKUL

56

240

706

Fig 5.1: Comparative Analysis of Twelve Case studies

In Fig-5.1, green color highlights the case study-Belle Vie, Where the water wastage is minimum as source was tankers.

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International Journal of Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture & Design Volume-4, Issue-2, April-June, 2016, www.iaster.com

ISSN

(O) 2347-2855 (P) 2347-8284

Fig 5.2: Relationship Between Water Source & Water Cost

Bore well & well as a water resource, cost less compare to tankers & combination. That’s why all decide on for these recourses.

6. CONCLUSIONS Water requirement during the construction stage for various construction activities has been analyzed by study of 12 case studies of Residential or Residential & commercial projects in Pune region. Following are the conclusions drawn from the different case studies.     

7.

Curing requires more water than the other activities like preparation & casting. Especially, water is consumed more for curing of concrete (slab) followed by curing of BBM, Ext.Plaster, waterproofing, Tiling & Panting (if cement paints are used). Delay in project is the main reason which results into increase in quantity of water requirement for construction as well as labour camp (if on site). Poor project planning is second reason to consume more water than required for project. Water tankers as a water source for project can control the wastage of water.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The traditional construction technology consumes more water. R.C.C, B.B.M, Internal And External Plaster, Water Proofing By Brick Bat Coba are major activities which consume more water for preparation, casting and curing as well these activities are more time consuming. As the project duration increases there is an extra use of water. To reduce the water consumption, 1. Without change in technology/materials 2. With change of technology & materials 1) Without Change in Technology 1.  

Optimum use of water can be done by Ultimate Crushing of Activities. Aligning the activities with proper predecessor & successor. Elimination of gap between the activities.

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With necessary time & labours for activities. Elimination of avoidable delays MONTH

 

ISSN

SL.NO

ACTIVITY R.C.C

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

1

BRICK WALL 2

(INT.PLASTER) 3

(EXT.PLASTER) 4

5

WATER PROOFING BRICK BAT COBA TILLING

6

PAINTING 7

Fig 7.1: Ultimate Crushing of Construction Activities

2.    

Alignment of Construction Activities by Season Consideration if project starts in month of April, excavation takes 2 months. Start of June, casting of slabs start, water required for curing get eliminated as rainy season starts. Start of BBM activity in July, results into reduction water requirement by 50%. Water for casting & curing is saved. Similarly, start of Plaster activity around September, results into less use of water as no evaporation and hence less water for curing. ACTIVITY MONTH APR

SL.NO

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

R.C.C 1

BRICK WALL 2

(INT.PLASTER) 3

(EXT.PLASTER) 4

5

WATER PROOFING BRICK BAT COBA TILLING

6

PAINTING 7

Fig 7.2: Season Consideration-Activity Alignment

2) With Change in Technology & Material Recommendation of change in technology or material is done by considering following factors   

To reduce water during preparation, casting & curing Less Time consume Less labor consume

Bellow mentioned, is the list of alternative technologies/ materials. Future study can be detail study of these technologies

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     -

ISSN

(O) 2347-2855 (P) 2347-8284

Precast units: In this technology, there is elimination of water required for preparation, casting & curing Ready mix concrete: It helps to control water/cement ration at point of preparation. Different curing technologies can be used. Ready mix plaster: Water can be controlled at the point of mixing. Dry wall construction: Elimination of water for curing. Faster construction as compare to wet construction. Chemical water proofing: Less time consuming Less labor consuming No prolonged curing period Less water for preparation & curing.

REFERENCES [1]

Mantri Sandeep, A To Z Practical Builsing Construction 7 Its Management, Third Edition, Published By Mantra Institute Of Development And Research -1998, Pune.

[2]

IS Code-456-2000

[3]

Environmental Status Report (Esr) a. Http://www.punecorporation.org/PMC_Dept.aspx b. Http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-environment-status-report-2013-power-usage-ismajor-source-of-carbon-footprint-1867778

[4]

Quality Of Water For Construction c. Http://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/tests-for-water-quality-for-construction/7357/ d. Http://www.gharexpert.com/articles/Water-1837/Water-Construction_0.aspx

[5]

Water supply & sanitation by Rangawala

[6]...