WEEK 8 Physical AND Cognitive Development IN Adolescence PDF

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WEEK 8 Physical AND Cognitive Development IN Adolescence...

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WEEK 8 PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE

Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence https://youtu.be/PzyXGUCngoU https://youtu.be/8FieQEB3xmo https://youtu.be/KeCqZqv4vVQ https://youtu.be/Yj3nmKQdACU https://youtu.be/BV7e4dDjBeQ https://youtu.be/Yj3nmKQdACU https://youtu.be/ox6JN24oIbI https://youtu.be/hiduiTq1ei8 The Nature of Adolescence Discuss the nature of adolescence. Many stereotypes of adolescents are too negative. Most adolescents today successfully negotiate the path from childhood to adulthood. However, too many of today’s adolescents are not provided with adequate opportunities and support to become competent adults. It is important to view adolescents as a heterogeneous group because different portraits of adolescents emerge, depending on the particular set of adolescents being described. Social policy regarding adolescents too often has focused on health-compromising behaviors and not enough on strength-based approaches. Adolescents need more caring adults in their lives.

Physical Changes Describe the changes involved in puberty, as well as changes in the brain and sexuality during adolescence. Puberty https://youtu.be/TlfsGKDoVIQ

Puberty is a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence. Determinants of pubertal timing include nutrition, health, and heredity. The initial onset of the pubertal growth spurt occurs on the average at 9 years for girls and 11 for boys, reaching a peak change for girls at 11½ and for boys at 13½. Individual variation in pubertal changes is substantial. Adolescents show considerable interest in their body image, with girls having more negative body images than boys do. For boys, early maturation brings benefits, at least during early adolescence. Early-maturing girls are vulnerable to a number of risks.

The Brain https://youtu.be/5Fa8U6BkhNo Changes in the brain during adolescence involve the thickening of the corpus callosum and a gap in maturation between the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex, which functions in reasoning and self-regulation.

Adolescent Sexuality https://youtu.be/hhJoWEKt3Sc Adolescence is a time of sexual exploration and sexual experimentation. Having sexual intercourse in early adolescence is associated with negative developmental outcomes. Contraceptive use by adolescents is increasing. About one in four sexually experienced adolescents acquires a sexually transmitted infection (STI). The adolescent pregnancy rate is higher in the United States than in other industrialized nations, but the U.S. rate of adolescent pregnancy has been decreasing in recent years.

Issues in Adolescent Health Identify adolescent problems related to health, substance use and abuse, and eating disorders. Adolescent Health Adolescence is a critical juncture in health because many of the factors related to poor health habits and early death in the adult years begin during adolescence. Poor nutrition, lack of exercise, and inadequate sleep are concerns. The three leading causes of death in adolescence are unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide.

Substance Use and Abuse

https://youtu.be/mBp1ah-ZLTM Despite recent declines, the United States has one of the highest rates of adolescent illicit drug use of any industrialized nation. Alcohol abuse is a major adolescent problem, although its rate has been dropping in recent years, as has the rate of cigarette smoking. Parents, peers, social support, and educational success play important roles in determining whether adolescents take drugs.

Eating Disorders https://youtu.be/olIz9MqtW-U https://youtu.be/hk0moXO7W74 Eating disorders have increased in adolescence, along with the percentage of adolescents who are overweight. Two eating disorders that may emerge in adolescence are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa typically starts in the early to middle adolescent years following a dieting episode and involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. Bulimia nervosa involves a binge-and-purge pattern, and bulimics (unlike anorexics) typically fall within a normal weight range.

Adolescent Cognition Explain cognitive changes in adolescence. Piaget’s Theory During the formal operational stage, Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, thinking becomes more abstract, idealistic, and logical than during the concrete operational stage. However, many adolescents are not formal operational thinkers but are consolidating their concrete operational thought. https://youtu.be/hvq7tq2fx1Y

Adolescent Egocentrism https://youtu.be/2l5_hMYTenk Elkind describes adolescent egocentrism as the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents that consists of two parts: the imaginary audience and the personal fable. Recent research questions whether adolescents perceive themselves to be invulnerable.

Information Processing

Adolescence is characterized by a number of advances in executive function. Cognitive control involves effective control and flexible thinking in a number of areas, including controlling attention, reducing interfering thoughts, remaining cognitively flexible, making decisions, and thinking critically.

Schools Summarize some key aspects of how schools influence adolescent development. The Transition to Middle or Junior High School The transition to middle or junior high school coincides with many social, familial, and individual changes in the adolescent’s life, and this transition is often stressful. One source of stress is the move from the top-dog position to the lowest position in school.

Effective Schools for Young Adolescents Some critics argue that a major redesign of U.S. middle schools is needed. Critics say that U.S. high schools foster passivity and do not develop students’ academic skills adequately. Characteristics of effective schools include lower student-to-counselor ratios, involvement of parents and community leaders in schools, team teaching, and efforts to boost students’ health and fitness.

High School A number of strategies have been proposed for improving U.S. high schools, including raising expectations and providing better support. The overall high school dropout rate declined considerably in the last half of the twentieth century, but the dropout rates among Latino and Native American youth remain very high.

Extracurricular Activities Participation in extracurricular activities is associated with positive academic and psychological outcomes. Adolescents benefit from participating in a variety of extracurricular activities; the quality of the activities also matters.

Service Learning Service learning, a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community, has been linked with positive benefits for adolescents such as higher grades, increased goal setting, and improved self-esteem....