What is the meaning of abnormal constituents of urine PDF

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What is the meaning of abnormal constituents of urine? Some substances which are normally absent in urine may appear in it under pathological conditions. referred to as abnormal constituents of urine. In addition, some other substances which are present in normal urine in traces only, may be found in remarkably higher levels also called abnormal conditions.

Abnormal constituents of urine Protein as abnormal constituents of urine Normal contain quantity of protein (about 20-80 mg in daily urine). In various situations, the urinary protein level may become abnormally high, as much as 20 g in daily urine; this is known as proteinuria proteinuria may be of two types— i) Physiological ii) Pathological. Physiological proteinuria It means presence of large quantity of protein in urine due to some physiological variation, e.g., severe exercise, high protein intake, pregnancy, etc. Pathological proteinuria It caused by some disease, for example, presence of albumin (albuminuria) in nephritis (inflammation of glomeruli) due to an increase in the size of filtering pores.

Glucose and other sugars as abnormal constituents of urine In normal urine sugars are not detectable; but in diabetes mellitus in hyperglycemia. Presence of glucose in urine is termed glycosuria. diabetes mellitus, fructose may also be present in urine named as fructosuria. Nursing babies who are fed with milk only, may excrete galactose in urine, which may call as galactosuria.

Ketone bodies as abnormal constituents of urine

In normal human being, about 3-15 mg of ketone bodies may be excreted in the urine every day. An abnormal increase in the level of urinary ketone bodies is termed ketonuria. It occurs when there is too much catabolism of fat such as in starvation, diabetes mellitus, pregnancy etc.

Blood as abnormal constituents of urine normaly urine does not contain blood or blood cells; but in cases of lesion of kidney or urinary tract caused by inflammation or trauma, blood appear in urine known as hcmaturia in which urine becomes cloudy. Hematuria is also observed in renal stones, cancer, tuberculosis like diseases.

Pigments as abnormal constituents of urine Some traces of pigments like bilirubin, bilinogen etc., resulting from catabolism of hemoglobin are normally found in urine. When the rate of hemolysis is very high, the hemoglobin is released into plasma and excreted in as the abnormal constituents of urine.

Calculi as abnormal constituents of urine Calculi or stones and the casts i.e., masses of molded material formed in the kidney by deposition of mineral salts or other materials may be found in urine. It also creates some abnormalities in human body.

Pus cells as abnormal constituents of urine Normally the pus cells are not found in urine to a significant extent; but they are found in urine in large numbers as a result of suppuration i.e., formation of pus in any part of the urinary tract which may occur due to urinary tract infections such as that caused by B. Colli, a bacterial infection....