WK. 4 Assignment PDF

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Summary

Describes what an Independent-Samples T-Test, a One-Tailed Test, a P-Value, the Significance Level, and the Confidence Interval are, and how and when they are used. Also describes what Dependent and Independent Variables are, as well as a Null Hypothesis and an Alternative Hypothesis. Discusses the ...

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WK4Assgn+Boutelle+M Malinda M. Boutelle Walden University

2 1. According to the course text, an Independent-Samples T-Test is used to test two samples that do not affect one another, in order to see if the predicted results occur, which is why an Independent-Samples T-Test should be utilized for the given scenario in this assignment (Heiman, 2015). In other words, regarding the given scenario for this assignment, an Independent-Samples T-Test would be used to test one sample group of participants that only sleeps for 5 hours per night, for 3 consecutive nights and is then given a driving test to observe the effects of sleep deprivation and its possible relationship to slower reaction times. Another sample group of participants would also be tested for reaction times while being observed during the same driving test, however, this sample group will be allowed 8 hours of sleep (instead of 5) each night, for 3 consecutive nights. According to the course text, these two samples are being tested for the same reason, though they are separate from one another (Heiman, 2015). 2. According to Heiman (2015), in an experiment the Independent Variable is something that can be altered or adjusted, and then tested to see if, and how it affects the Dependent Variable. In the given scenario for this assignment, the Independent Variable is the amount of sleep that each sample group is required to get each night, for 3 consecutive nights. A Dependent Variable, according to Heiman (2015), is the phenomenon that is being studied and is predicted to change with the changing of the Independent Variable. In the given scenario for this assignment. Regarding this assignment, the reaction time of the participants is the Dependent Variable, as it is what is being studied, and/or tested, and also changes when the Independent Variable is changed. 3. A Null Hypothesis refers to an experiment in which predicted results do not occur (Heiman, 2015). An Alternative Hypothesis refers to an experiment in which predicted

3 results do occur (Heiman, 2015). Regarding the given scenario for this assignment, the Alternative Hypothesis would be: in comparison, the sample group of 15 participants who receive only 5 hours of sleep per night, for 3 consecutive nights will have slower reaction times while driving than the sample group of 15 participants who receive 8 hours of sleep per night, for 3 consecutive nights. Furthermore, a hypothesis that does not produce predicted results is called the Null Hypothesis. 4. According to the course text, a One-Tailed Test is used when sample scores are predicted to only decrease or increase when testing hypotheses (Heiman, 2015). More specifically, a One-Tailed Test could be used to measure data that may point to a significant relationship between amount of sleep and its effect on reaction time. 5. Upon entering the given data, from this assignment, into the SPSS statistics software program, the obtained t-value is 1.485. 6. According to Heiman (2015), the formula for computing the Degrees of Freedom is: df = N – 1 (N = the number of participant scores in the given data set) (Heiman, 2015). Using this formula, I calculated the Degrees of Freedom for this assignment: df = 30 – 1, which resulted in df = 29. 7. After computing the given data set, using SPSS, the p-value for this assignment is p > .313. 8. According to Paret (2012), when a data set’s p-value is less than its significance level, which is the case for the data set in this assignment (.149 p > .313), then a significant relationship has been detected between variables while testing hypotheses. Additionally, a higher Confidence Interval, such as the computed 95% C.I. for this assignment, supports

4 the calculations of significance (Paret, 2012). Furthermore, when the calculated p-value, of a given data set, is less than its calculated Significance Level, thus finding a relationship between variables, the Null Hypothesis should be rejected, while the Alternative Hypothesis is retained (Paret, 2012). 9. In conclusion, the calculations for the given data for this assignment have shown that there is a significant relationship between the amount of sleep an individual gets each night and that individual’s reaction time (while driving). More specifically, I found that reaction times become slower with less sleep.

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References Bruce, P. (7/28/2006). Stats symbols cheat sheet. [Pdf – Reader]. Heiman, G. (2015). Behavioral sciences STAT (2nd ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage. Paret, M. (2012). Alphas, p – values, and confidence intervals, Oh My!/Minitab.blog.minitab.com. Retrieved 25 September 2017, from http://blog.minitab.com/blog/michelle-paret/alphas-p-values-confidence-intervalsoh-my

6 References (Please note that the following references are intended as examples only.) Alexander, G., & Bonaparte, N. (2008). My way or the highway that I built. Ancient Dictators, 25(7), 14-31. doi:10.8220/CTCE.52.1.23-91 Babar, E. (2007). The art of being a French elephant. Adventurous Cartoon Animals, 19, 43194392. Retrieved from http://www.elephants104.ace.org Bumstead, D. (2009). The essentials: Sandwiches and sleep. Journals of Famous Loafers, 5, 565-582. doi:12.2847/CEDG.39.2.51-71 Hansel, G., & Gretel, D. (1973). Candied houses and unfriendly occupants. Thousand Oaks, CA: Fairy Tale Publishing. Hera, J. (2008). Why Paris was wrong. Journal of Greek Goddess Sore Spots, 20(4), 19-21. doi: 15.555/GGE.64.1.76-82 Laureate Education, Inc. (Producer). (2007). How to cite a video: The city is always Baltimore [DVD]. Baltimore, MD: Author. Laureate Education, Inc. (Producer). (2010). Name of program [Video webcast]. Retrieved from http://www.courseurl.com Sinatra, F. (2008). Zing! Went the strings of my heart. Making Good Songs Great, 18(3), 31-22. Retrieved from http://articlesextollingrecordingsofyore.192/fs.com Smasfaldi, H., Wareumph, I., Aeoli, Q., Rickies, F., Furoush, P., Aaegrade, V., … Fiiel, B. (2005). The art of correcting surname mispronunciation. New York, NY: Supportive Publisher Press. Retrieved from http://www.onewaytociteelectronicbooksperAPA7.02.com

7 White, S., & Red, R. (2001). Stop and smell the what now? Floral arranging for beginners (Research Report No. 40-921). Retrieved from University of Wooded Glen, Center for Aesthetic Improvements in Fairy Tales website: http://www.uwg.caift/~40_921.pdf...