WMST 1001 Exam Review PDF

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Exam Review – I have only defined the hard ones, you do the rest ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

The exam will consist of Definitions (Define terms/terminology), Short Answer, and Long Answer. Always pick the question you can do the best on. Be choosier Use examples - Avoid reusing examples No set length for any answers, but if the mark is out of 4, make sure you have discussed enough examples (maybe 4 for instance; or 2 examples really in-depth) This guide was made and sent to you before the lecture exam review. You have to account for the difference in any materials because I am tired and have to mark.

Key Concepts and Terms sorted by week and by readings:

Gender, Sex, and the Media Gender Play: Marketing to Girls – girls toys vs boys toys; teaching gender expectations to small children (who don’t know what gender is); sexualizing young girls, tweens, with make-up Berger, Ways of Seeing – men act and women appear The male gaze Internalized surveillance (aka self-surveillance) Objectification R. Gill, Postfeminist Media Culture Postfeminism media: in which media (ads, social media, TV, movies) portrays the ideal, desirable female body (beautiful, white, young, ablebodied, women) and advertises consumer goods to achieve that body; expectation that women are empowered to present themselves (control their own image) as sexy and desirable, but this empowerment demands females buy beauty products and conform to the ideal female body through great discipline; the female body conveys a women’s identity and always needs to be under surveillance and disciplined to conform to postfeminist media female ideals – connected to body projects; male gaze; surveillance; self-surveillance; makeover paradigm; objectification; individualism Makeover paradigm: a symbol of postfeminist media Surveillance; self-surveillance Internalization (of the male gaze and postfeminist media) Naturalization: to make natural and seem normal (of the postfeminist media ideal female body)

Individualism (having to do with the individual and Euro-American cultural importance of the individual over the collective or communal) Lecture Examples: Some kids toys Shame based marketing and advertisements

Body Projects – Conformity and Resistance Disney’s Version of Girlhood – Disney girls: Are women with barbie doll bodies Are Gossips and chatterboxes Mother and do the housework Have lovely voices Have no support systems Can’t resist a mirror Are incomplete without a man Are innocent Powerful Disney women are evil and ugly (and often racialized) C. Rice, Through the Mirror of Beauty Culture (the) Body – site; identity; self-expression; can be othered, repressed, marginalized; can be changed – connected to ideas of the ideal body The Gaze Self-policing: can be thought of the act of disciplining oneself because of self-surveillance – connected to the gaze and the male gaze Embodiment Ideal body Body Projects (similar to the makeover paradigm but with more specific examples) Lecture Examples: Not uploaded to BB as of writing – check later

The Science of Inequality

S. Gould, Women’s Brains Objectivity; scientific objectivity Broca: 1800s Paris medical scientist; weighed brains; measurements neutral but flawed scientific methodology and flawed interpretation of data Le Bon: 1800s Paris medical scientist; used results of brain measurements to publish that women with small brain are inferior to larger male brains; science used to justify oppression and inequality Prejudice Labeling (the process of); biological labeling – similar premise to cultural labels and stereotypes Inequality E. Clare Freaks and Queers Freakshow as empowering and disempowering Ability; disability; ableism Race; racism Sex; sexism Normal; other The Other: the process of labeling someone as abnormal or different and making them other from ourselves in order to reaffirm how normal and good we are by comparison to how weird and bad the other is Dehumanizing Marginalization Civilized; uncivilized: in this context, the uncivilized freak often abducted from their homes due to colonialism; the white, able bodied male as civilized colonizer Medical model of disability – connected to the (medical) gaze and a voyeurism of doctors over the patients in which doctors have the power and patients have little to no power Authority figures: doctors, scientists, we give them power over us to make decision for us based on our cultural understanding that they have the knowledge and skill to make those decisions; we think of these figures as neutral but they have cultural biases that affect their decision making On Race and Racism 1. Race is a modern idea 2. Race has no genetic basis 3. Human subspecies don’t exist 4. Skin colour is only skin deep

5. Most variation is within, not between “races” 6. Slavery predates race 7. Race and freedom evolved together 8. Race justified social inequalities as natural 9. Race isn’t biological 10. Colourblindness will not end racism L. Abu-Lughod Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Media’s role in creating cultural difference (especially of Muslim people) Civilized; uncivilized: in this context the civilized is the Westerners and the uncivilized is the Muslim person (in need of saving) Terrorism (and it’s use in the media to portray Muslim people) Colonization Colonial Feminism: in the context of Muslim women Cultural relativism Ethnocentrism Lecture Examples: Hysteria (medicalization of hysteria in the 1800/1900s) Coco Fuso and Guillermo Gomez Peña, The Couple in the Cage, 1992-3: art performance in which Fusco and Gomez Peña pretend to be primitive, exotic human subjects. They live in cage and wear clothes that are symbolically associated with primitive otherness, e.g., an animal print bikini and a luchador mask. They speak in a made up language of grunts. Their cage is always set up in a museum and they have another artist pretend to be a museum interpreter who is there to answer questions about the couple in the cage. The Fusco and Gomez Peña are conveying the signs and symbols of what we stereotypically associate with primitiveness, the other, an exotic person of colour. But, because they are in a museum and have a museum interpreter, people TRULY freaking believe that Fusco and Gomez Peña are some newly discovered example of primitive humans from a far away place. Visitors to the museum think this is real. The critique being made is that we implicitly trust institutions and people of authority, e.g., doctors/hospitals, scientist/labs, museums/museum interpreters, to tell us the truth. AND we are also willing to believe that there is a newly discovered human tribe because of implicit racial biases our culture teaches us. We live the racist legacies of colonialization in which the museum was a willing participant (I’m looking at you Museum of London).

Indigenous Women and Legacies of Colonization and Resurgence W. Naibush, Anishinaabe-kwe and/or Indigenous Feminist?

Anishinaabe-kwe Kwe: means woman in my language and placing it attached to my identity as an Anishinaabe meant making it essential to my understanding of my culture, as an entry point to myself” (p. 37) Indigenous feminism – in the same vein as of colonial feminism K. Anderson, The Construction of a Negative Identity Colonization (Canada’s history and legacy of) Decolonization: as both an action and state of mind Indian Queen Indian Princess Noble Savage Squaw Primitive; Primitivism Colonization and the Indian Act Colonization Indian Act Status; status benefits Ways for indigenous women to lose her status and problems therein N. Myre, Indian Act Artwork that “speaks of the realities of colonization—the effects of contact, and its often-broken and untranslated contracts. The piece consists of all 56 pages of the Federal Government’s Indian Act mounted on stroud cloth and sewn over with red and white glass beads.” (p. 324) Colonization and Residential Schools Colonization (this comes up a lot maybe important) Residential Schools Inter-generational Impacts of Residential Schools (see p. 335) S. Williams, Anishinaabe-Kwe’s Resilience “Living Healing Quilt Project that honours the strength, courage and commitment of Indian Residential School survivors.” (p. 337) Read Williams story L. Simpson, Nishnaabeg Resurgence: Stories from Within

Settler: white Europeans that came to Canada to establish settlements to claim the land from competing European countries, e.g., France and England Setter Canadians: people, often white, that live in Canada and benefit from the racist legacy of colonialism (it should be noted that being a settler doesn’t make you a bad person—I’m one even though my family immigrated here recently—but I definitely get more power and privilege because I’m a white person living in a colonial country that prides itself on being founded by England (white people)) Impacts of colonialism Legacy of colonialism Resilience of indigenous people Resurgence and empowerment Reconciliation S. Dion and M. Dion, The Braiding Histories Story Importance of story telling: Story telling in figuring out complicated personal narratives Story telling and connections to family Story telling as means of recording and transmitting the lived experiences of indigenous people often marked with discrimination Story telling as method for recognizing the intertwined history of First Nations People and Canadians Story telling to call for decolonization Story telling to know the past, understand the present, and create a future

Lecture Examples: Traditional Land Claim Acknowledgements Odenabe (Otonabee): The River that Bubbles Like a Beating Heart Nogojiwanong (Peterborough): The Place at the End of the rapids The Indian Act outlawing ceremonies, potlach gatherings, sacred dances, and sacred objects (many of which ended up in museums as sites of colonization *cough*) Dance as an act of resistance: Kell Marshall, Anishinaabe, “For more reasons than this, and for this reason, whenever we dance, it is an act of resistance, a political act of reclamation, and a spiritual enacting of our birthright” Tribe Called Red: indigenous, electronic musicians creating music, video, and performances

I am an Intersectional Feminist Because hooks, Feminism Is for Everyone – feminism is a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression Bad feminist stereotypes The Patriarchy: institutionalized sexism Sexism Feminist politics Equality Bromley, What’s Feminism Done (for Me) Lately? I’m not a feminist but… Social justice Civil Rights Movement White supremacist Viola Desmond: resistance against Canada’s cultural segregation Indian Act, status, and gender The fight to change the Indian Act: Mary Two-Axe Early, Jeannette Lavell, Irene Bedard petitioned the Canadian government (at separate times) in the 1960s to have their status and rights returned, but in 1973 the Supreme Court of Canada ruled the Indian Act was exempt from the Canadian Bill of Rights (wtf). Sandra Lovelace brought her challenge against the Canadian government to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in 1977 who ruled that revoking status was a breach of the UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Gay Pride Operation Soap: Toronto bathhouse raids Abortion Caravan: Canada 1970-88 Oppression – think intersectional oppression Gay, Bad Feminist Manifesto Anyone can be a feminist Not one way to feminist Feminism can be contradictory and the way we do feminism can be contradictory Tarrant, This is What a Feminist Looks Like – Feminism is a political way of thinking There’s room for men

Essentialism: every entity has a set of attributes that are necessary to its identity and functionbehavioural traits rooted in biological sex-essence of women/man – similar to but not biological determinism Binaries; binary model of thinking Misogyny Inequality; who has access to Privilege and Power Oppression – can be thought of as what happens when you don’t have access to privilege and power Justice; social justice Scarcity model of power Privilege – connected to inequality, privilege, and power Krenshaw, Why Intersectionality Can’t Wait Emma DeGraggenreid: her lawsuit against General Motors Discrimination – connected to what bodies are repressed, marginalized, and why Identity; subjectivity Intersectional – connected to identity as intersectional and oppression as intersectional Intersectional oppression McKenzie, The Myth of Shared Womanhood and How It Perpetuates Inequality No shared female experience No homogenous woman or woman’s experiences Michigan Womyn’s Music Festival exclusion trans women Lecture Examples: Amnesty International’s 7 Most Googled Questions About Feminisms

Challenging the Neutrality of Sex N. Oudshoorn, Introduction to Beyond the Natural Body (the) Body: creations of the body seen as true and real but are in reality culturally dependant and change over time Sex – as used to force gender expectations onto people via biological determinism Ancient Greek model of sex and the body 18th century medical model of the female body as different from male body

20th century model of the body and sex as understood by modern technology Gender – divorced from sex Biological Determinism: biology is destiny Scientific objectivity: in studying and creating facts about the body that are taken for granted as truth and natural Labelle, Assigned Male Gender stereotypes Trans, questioning, non-binary people Allen, How the Practice of Sex-Testing Targets Female Olympic Athletes Chromosomes Hormone screening only done on women in sports Biological landmarks of female life Unnecessary surgeries to correct sex Criticism over how we measure biological sex Gender Androgen Insensitivity – connected to the problems of how we measure sex, the unnecessary surgeries for the female athletes, and the fact that only women were screened Testosterone: both males and females have it Intersex Davis, Contesting Intersex Intersex; Disorder of Sex Development (DSD) Medicalization – connected to DSD and the potential problems pathologizing intersex can cause Doctor’s treatment of intersex people – similar to medical gaze and the Freaks and Queers reading, even connected to Broca, authority figures cannot fully be objective as they are part of their culture Unnecessary surgeries: pressure to normalize newborns, often fail to disclose these surgeries to intersex people – connected to the unnecessary surgery the female athletes had to go through to be female and compete Failure to disclose intersex traits Gender identity – how it connects to sex identity Defending Genitals: Who Will Make Room for the Intersexed?

Normal clitoris and normal penis chart for newborns Fausto-Sterling, Dueling Dualism Female athlete hormone screenings Androgen Insensitivity – connected to sex and intersex; the kinds of terrible reactions people and society can have when they find out an athlete has androgen insensitivity Sex – not gender Gender – not sex Scientific sex testing – connected to the constructions of sex and the body over time, scientific objectivity, authority figures Construction of sex: sex as a cultural concept made real with scientific testing – connected to the construction of the body, we see sex as a natural concept, but is it? Labels; process of labeling; violence in labelling – connected to science and scientific testing to rationalize and justify treating people as lesser or Other, can be connected to biological determinism, and in its extreme form eugenics Dualisms – basically the same concept as binaries Lecture Examples: David Reimer – re-assigned biological sex and nurtured gender identity and role that resulted in Reimer’s suicide in 2004 after he advocated against extreme medical interventions into the sex and gender of children. Intersex: there are more than 30 variations within intersex traits and conditions! And that 1/2000 people is intersex (or as high as 4/100) Biological Determinism: These readings, part of a much larger debate on the topic of intersex, are a response to the arguments made by people who turn to biological essentialism to justify their discomfort with/negative feelings toward gender variant people or even just people who challenge gender roles. These ideas belong to a wrong assumption that people are born with genitals of two varieties and that these sets of genitalia determine how they should identify with and express their gender.

Health, Bodies, Disability, Mental Health Israelite and Swartz, Reformulating the Feminist Perspective: Giving Voice to Women with Disabilities Disability statistics – intersectional oppression in disability statistics Medical Model of Disability – connected to the medical gaze, the person with disability becoming the object of study to be cured of their disability, person becomes their disability, also the Freaks and Queers

Social Model of Disability Infrastructure barriers to access Institutional barriers to access Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA) Need to include subjective experience of disability Need to include the body in disability Impairment theory: need to bring in the non-disabled gaze into disability frameworks, need to bring in able-bodied people into the ways we think about and address disability, right now all the impetus is on the disabled person Need to situate a disabled feminism into feminism – connected to What’s Feminism Done (For Me) Lately? See the marginalized having to stand up and empower themselves to address their oppression but also have to stand up and bring their marginalized voices into feminism Kafer, Imagining Disability Futures Perceived life of people with disabilities: able-bodied people think their bad, don’t want to do anything, don’t want to go outside – doctors, medicalization, and the medical gaze play into these assumptions, also the medical model of disability Perceived future for people with disabilities: bad, only one future, oppression Abelism Stigmatization Marginalization Disabled body as political Odette, Body Beautiful/Body Perfect: Where do Women with Disabilities Fit In? Body type: communicates social status – connected to the body (obvs) Invisibility; visibility: what bodies are visible, which ones are invisible – invisible is connected to marginalization in that we don’t see the marginalized The Other; difference Bodies used in advertising; bodies excluded from advertising – connected to postfeminist media and the gaze, normal bodies, and ideal(ized) bodies Medicalization of the disabled body – connected to the medical gaze, the medical model of disability Alienation of bodies; alienated from our own body Understanding the Social Determinants of Health Social determinants of health

Examples of the social determinants of health – connected to intersectional feminism; intersectionality; intersectional oppression How Sex and Racism Determine Health The -isms as determinants of health: -ism like sexism, racism, etc. – connected to intersectionality, the social determinants of health, privilege and power, and oppression Lecture Examples: “Disability – like gender – is a concept that pervades all aspects of culture: its structuring institutions, social identities, cultural practices, political positions, historical communities, and the shared human experience of embodiment… To understand how disability operates is to understand what it means to be fully human.” Statistics on disability: If 3.6 million Canadians (STATS Canada – documented disclosures) are living with disabilities, and women make up more than half of these, maybe these lived experiences shouldn’t be so “niche,” considered marginal. Women with disabilities in Ontario demonstrate exceptionally low rates of workforce participation and nearly one-third live in poverty. Canadian Immigration and Ableism: •

Language: 38 (1) A foreign national is inadmissible on health grounds if their health condition

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(a) is likely to be a danger to public health;

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(b) is likely to be a danger to public safety; or (c) might reasonably be expected to cause excessive demand on health or social

• services.

Jes Sasche and Holly Norris American Able photograph art project
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