Worksheet#7(1) - worksheet PDF

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Name: Nariah Johnson HLTH 252

Worksheet #7 –

Read Chapter #7 of your textbook and answer the following questions as a way of taking notes from the chapter: 1. Define the following words as you read through the chapter: Depressants – drugs that slow activity in the CNS (central nervous system) Barbiturates- a chemical group of sedative-hypnotics Sedatives- drugs used to induce sleep. Benzodiazepines- a chemical grouping of sedative-hypnotics Hypnotics- drugs used to induce sleep. Inhalants- volatile solvents inhaled for intoxicating purposes. GHB- gamma hydroxybutyrate; chemically related to GABA; used recreationally as a depressant. Duration of action-how long a drug’s effects last Anxiolytics- drugs, such as valium, used in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Literally “anxiety-dissolving” History and pharmacology 2. Describe the history of chloral hydrate and Mickey Finn (page 148) Chloral hydrate was popularized in the early 1900s by bartender mickey Finn who would slip the drug into the drinks of his customers. Synthesized in 1832 and used clinically in 1870. One to two grams sleep in less than hour 3. Describe the history of paraldehyde and why they are no longer used (page 148) Paraldehyde was synthesized in 1829 and introduced clinically in 1882 it caused little respiratory depression and had widely safety margin its only downside was the potent smell, taste, and odor. 4. Describe the history of bromides and why they are no longer used (page 148) 5. Describe the history of barbiturates and why they are no longer prescribed (pages 148-150) First CNS depressant to be widely used and abused. Produce psychological and physical dependence. A chemical group of sedative-hypnotics Phenobarbital amobarbital secobarbital Death by respiratory depression Short-acting drugs are more likely to lead to psychological dependence. 6. Describe the history of meprobamate and why they are no longer prescribed (page 150) Also produce psychological and physical dependence became popular through successful publicity and physicians no longer wanting to prescribe barbiturates. Still available as prescription drug 7. Describe the history of methaqualone and why they are no longer prescribed (page 150) Synthesized in India and was made an otc drug in Germany in 1960 1060-64 japan experienced 40% drug overdoses caused by methaqualone. 1965 Quaalude and sopor introduced to united states (ludes and sopors) as ‘addiction potential not established.’ was believed to be safer than barbiturates but proven to produce dependency was placed on schedule II by 1985 it was on schedule I and was no longer available as a prescription drug widely misused and abused. 8. Describe the history of benzodiazepines any why they are the leading prescription depressants (pages 150-152) Introduced in 1960 First one marketed as Librium(antianxiety) larger safety margin before overdose in animals occurred.

Overdose seemed to not occur unless mixed with other depressant drugs or alcohol. 1972-1978 diazepam and valium best seller among prescription drugs 9. Describe the history of Rohypnol during the 1990s (page 152) Popular date-rape drug Roofies When mixed with alcohol produces a profound intoxication Benzodiazepine sold as a hypnotic in many other countries the combination with alcohol placed victims in a stupor and normally never remember what all happens while the drug is in effect. 1997 manufacturer changed formula, so it had a distinct color when dissolved in a drink (blue) Seizures, comas, liver failure and death from respiratory depression 10. Describe nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics (pages 152-153) z- drugs similar to benzodiazepines with different chemical structure zolpidem and ambien became most widely prescribed hypnotic short duration of action rapid onset initially thought to be safer than benzodiazepines withdrawal symptoms have been reported listed in schedule IV Mechanism of action 11. Which neurotransmitter is associated with prescription depressants? (page 153) GABA receptor complex includes the barbiturate binding site and the benzodiazepine receptor Benzodiazepines bind to their receptor site and enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA on its receptors, and barbituates act as a separate binding site nearby Beneficial uses 12. What are the beneficial uses of prescribed depressants? (pages 153-157) Control anxiety depression insomnia Top four prescribed anxiolytic drugs Xanax Ativan Klonopin Valium Causes for concern 13. Describe the negative effects of depressants (make sure to include dependence, the withdrawal symptoms, toxicity, and abuse…the 2 types of abusers) (pages 157-159) Can be overprescribed Sedatives are not appropriate for all anxiety phobias Depress respiratory rates acute toxicity (high dosage in the body) physical dependence and withdrawal, long lasting and unpleasant. Severe symptoms abrupt withdrawal from chronic use of larger doses Cross dependence occurs with these cns depressants Psychological toxicity produce respiratory depression should never be combined with alcohol Older adult who is prescribed for daytime sedative or sleep pill second group is younger people who obtain the drugs simply to get high may take high doses, mix with alcohol, mix several drugs Inhalants 14. Briefly describe each of the three types of inhalants listed in the chapter and their history (pages 160-162) Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) gaseous anesthetics

Abuse occurs among physicians and others with access to these gases Used as propellant in whipping-cream containers (whippets) Amyl nitrite (poppers) introduces to treat chest pain relaxed blood vessels including coronary arteries lowers blood pressure briefly and increase blood flow creating a sense of warmth and blood flow to sexual organs used for cyanide poisoning high dose may cause lightheadedness of faintness resulting from lower blood pressure used in cleaning products. Volatile solvents (huffers) model glue fumes being inhaled cause exposure to solvent fumes. Similar effect to beign drunk paint, paint thinner and remover, nail polish remover, correction fluid News articles and education programs demonstrated how to use and abuse substance Localized fads huffing glue isn’t as popular now as it was in the 60s Dangers include: kidney damage, brain damage, peripheral nerve damage, irritation of the respiratory tract, sever headaches, death by suffocation Gamma hydroxybutyric acid 15. Describe GHB and how it became illegal (pages 162-163, make sure to read the “drugs in the media” yellow box) Occurs naturally in the brain as well as other parts of the body. Structure close to GABA Is a CNS depressant Behavioral effects similar to alcohol Fairly short half-life of about 1 hour behavior affects similar to alcohol. My result in cataplexy (muscle weakness of paralysis) usually felt in brief unpredictable episodes. Xyrem schedule III controlled substance any other form of GHB is schedule I...