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Cross-cultural differences in attachments: Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) Aims of study:

Procedures:

Findings: Attach the bar chart to this sheet to show the percentages of different attachment types in the 8 cultures. Describe two cross-cultural differences evident in your bar chart.

Findings (data): ………………………………………………………………………………….

Cultural groupNo. of studiesNo. of mother-infant pairs% Attachment typeA!CGermany #1#%#&&'8Great

………………………………………………………………………………….

!ritain1'((('&#Netherlands)(&1(%%'%Sweden1&1(('&)Israel(118'%)(9Ja pan(9%&%8('China1(&(&%.(&USA181(#.(1%&1)TOTA2#(199.

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What is meant by ‘measure of central tendency’?

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……………………………………………………………………………………………… … Work out the mean %’s for each attachment type, and write them into the space at the foot of each column.

…………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………… Bar chart of findings:

Look at the statements on the separate page, and copy or glue them into the correct spaces to complete your evaluation of the Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg study. Notice that the different points have been elaborated on (PEE), which gains higher AO2 marks.

POSITIVE CRITICISMS

NEGATIVE CRITICISMS

Statements: -

criticisms of the Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg cross cultural study of attachments. According to Bolwby's theory, attachment is innate and unmodified by culture. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg suggest that at atleast some cultural similarities might be explained by the effects of mass media (TV & books), which spread ideas about parenting so as a result, children all over the world are exposed to similar influences.

There are ethical issues in the Strange Situation anyway, because it stresses the children. However, when used cross-culturally there are even more ethical issues because children in some cultures will be much more highly stressed than the Western children for whom the technique was originally developed, e.g. Japanese children who never normally leave their mothers, and Israeli children who never normally meet strangers. As the studies were based on the Strange Situation technique, so long as the different researchers carried out the technique exactly as it was first designed they should all have controlled variables etc. in the same way, meaning that the different researchers’ findings could be compared. Some of the samples were very small. For instance, only one study in the UK, Sweden and China. To base a judgement about attachment types of a whole nation of children on one study may result in biased conclusions, as the sample used might not be representative of the whole population. This was a Western technique, suitable for Western children. This might have led to some children being highly stressed, making them appear insecure resistant when in fact they were really securely attached, e.g. in Japan. For instance in the strange situation it is assumed that a willingness to explore is a sign of secure attachment. However in some cultures this may not be the case. Culture bias – The continuity hypothesis does not have the same meaning in Japan and America. Bowlby & Ainsworth proposed that infants more secure attached go on to develop into more socially and competent adults and involves being independent and able to explore. However in Japan, the opposite is true, competance is represented by the inhibition of emotional expression (not showing feelings) and being group orientated rather than self-orientated...