World CIV. -Final PDF

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KEYWORD LIST: (what, when, who, where) Abbasid Revolution This revelation is emerged against the tribal policies of Umayyad Empire. Because the Umayyad dynasty spread Islam but also led to resistance to authority. Some muslims resented(alınmak,içerlemek) the rulers’ high-handed ways. For example, the central Asian province of Khurasan had a population density of non Arab Muslims. So this city was home to many converts who were angry about their subordination(ikinci konum, bağlılık) to Arab peoples and the center of discontent(hoşnutsuzluk) against the Umayyads. Coalition emerged led by the Abbasid family, which claimed descent from the Prophet’s beloved uncle as well as non-Arab converts joined this movement. So the Umayyad caliphate was defeated in 750. Thereafter the center of the caliphate shifted to Iraq signifying the eastward spread of the faith. Abbasids opened Islam to Persian people and encouraged Islamic world to embrace Hellenistic ways, Indian science, and Chinese innovations in self-confidence. In this fashion, Islam, drawing its original power from the teachings and actions of a prophetic figure, followed the route of Christianity and Buddhism and became a faith with an Universalist message and appeal. (s.327) Asoka Emperor of the Mauryan dynasty from 268 to 231 BCE; he was a great conqueror and unifier of India. He is said to have embraced(benimsemek) Buddhism toward the end of his life. He was later dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism across Asia, and established monuments(abide, heykel) marking several significant sites in the life of Buddha. Axial Age The period of ancient history during about the 8th to 3rd centuries BC. During this time, new ways of thinking appeared in Persia, India, China and the Greco-Roman world in religion and philosophy. In China, Confucius elaborated a set of principles for ethical living. In South Asia, Buddha laid out social and spiritual tenets that challenged the caste system and classes. In Greece, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle described a world that conformed to natural and intelligible(anlaşılabilir) laws. New thinking also led to new institutions, most notably in the citystates of the eastern Mediterranean including experiments in democratic forms of government, and vigorous (enerjik, dinç) economic activity. Bactria Bactria (near modern-day Afghanistan and Tajikistan) is the ancient name of a historical region, one of the ancient civilizations of Iranian peoples. Bactria was the birthplace of Zoroastrianism, and later also hosted Buddhism before becoming Muslim after the arrival of the Rashidun and the Umayyad Caliphates in the 7th century. In 6th century BCE it was under Persian Empire’s control. In 331 BC, Alexander the Great destroyed the capital Persepolis of Persian Empire and took Bactria under his control. After Alexander's death, Alexander's empire was divided up among the generals in Alexander's army. Bactria became a part of the Seleucid Empire, named after its founder, Seleucus I.

Ek bilgi: The bactrian camel: Different from native Arab camel and was able to traverse deserts and with sands the frozen winters along the Silk Road. They could carry heavy loads.

Ball game Olmec’s (the first major civilization in Mexico) developed a tradition of sports with large athletic fields. Game played with a hard rubber ball in ball courts. Ball playing rituals were particularly associated with worship of the powerful rain god. Players memorized in statutory. Olmecs participated human sacrifice and ritual warfare Not: Animasyon olmasını mazur görürsünüz umarım ama kastedilen tam olarak şu: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pF03BXxUSY Bayt al-Hikma (2.Soru) Big men (Bantu culture) In the heavily forested areas of Congo where communication was more difficult, Bantu society rested more on family and clan. These groups tended to organize around “big men”, whose abilities attracted followers and thereby promoted territorial expansion. Their courage, military valor, and wisdom won them many supporters and the leadership, but their high positions generally did not pass along to offspring or relatives.

Caliphate An early challenge for the Abbasid rulers was to determine how traditional, or “Arab,” they could be and still rule so vast an empire. They chose to keep the bedrock political institution of the early Islamic state—the caliphate. Signifying both the political and spiritual head of the Islamic community, this institution had arisen as the successor to Muhammad’s shining leadership. Although the caliphs exercised political and spiritual authority over the Muslim community, they did not inherit his prophetic powers. Nor were they authorities in religious doctrine. PDF - PG: 327 Caravan city set of networks at long distance trade locations where groups of merchants could assemble during their journeys. Several of these developed into full-fledged cities, especially in the desert of Arabia. A caravan city is a city located on and deriving its prosperity from its location on a major trans-desert trade route. The term is believed to have been coined by the great scholar of antiquity. Caste system Caste System Hierarchical system of organizing people and distributing labor. -1000 BCE Emergence of caste system -Dissident thinkers like Mahavira and the Buddha challenge Brahman priests and the caste system. Expansion of Caste System Though the kingdoms and oligarchic cities had different political structures, they shared many social features, including the caste system—one of increasing stratification in which each caste rank defined an individual’s political power, economic activity, and social status. The four-caste system, buttressed by Brahmanical ideals, seemed right and natural; its great success was measured by its ability to bring newcomers into existing ranks. In this fashion, the caste system combined hierarchical order with absorptive strength, making the South Asian social order stable yet dynamic. (Ramazan kardesimden aldim) Chattel slavery CHATTEL SLAVERY Treating men, women, and children as objects of commerce, to be bought and sold in markets. People were used for labor, especially in dangerous or exhausting tasks. Slaves became an essential part of the new city-states. (In Athens, the largest and most economically powerful Greek city-state, slaves may be the quarter of the population.) Trade network that developed made it easier to buy and transport slaves. Chattel slavery was avoided by the Spartans, who also rejected the innovation of coin money. This trade in humans was one of the most profitable businesses of the entire Mediterranean region.

Confucius Confucius (551–479 BCE) was one of the ancient world’s great innovators. Born in China, he elaborated a code of behavior that valued individual performance of traditional rituals and governmental morality based on correct social relationships, sincerity, and justice. Seeing division and war among rival states, he wished to restore order by promoting education, moral behavior, and the performance of ritual. PDF- PG: 181. Corvée The agrarian empire of the Qin yielded wealth that the state could tax, and increased tax revenues meant more resources for imposing order. the government issued rules on working the fields. taxed farming households, and conscripted laborers to build irrigation systems and canals so that even more land could come under cultivation. Unlike the Greek city- states and the roman empire, which relied on slave labor for many large- scale tasks in city and countryside, the Qin and the Han dynasties relied much more on free farmers and conscripted their able- bodied sons into their huge armies. Free to work their own land and paying only a small portion of their crops in taxes, peasant families were the economic bedrock of the Chinese empire. Goths In 418 CE, the Goths settled in southwest Gaul. Ruled by their own king, who kept his military in order, they suppressed the peasants’ revolts that were occurring with alarming frequency. Though never as savage or widespread as the uprisings that had undermined the Han dynasty in China, they created a mood of emergency. Now the Roman landowners of Gaul and elsewhere anxiously allied themselves with the new military leaders rather than face social revolution and the raids of even more dangerous armies. The Goths came as allies of the aristocracy, not as enemies of Rome. Hagia Sophia Reflecting the marriage of christianity with empire was the church of the Hagia Sophia at the end of the Hippodrome. Constructed on the spot where the city’s old basilica church was destroyed during a riot, hagia Sophia (holy wisdom) must have astounded those who first entered it. The nave was twice the span of the former basilica-230 feet wide- and the new church was more than twice as high. The largest church was built by Constantine, the basilica of Saint Peter in Rome would have reached only as high as şts lower galleries. Above all, the solemn straight lines of the traditional Christian basilica were transformed . Great cliffs of stone, seated in multicolored marble and supported on gigantic columns of green and purple granite, rose to a dreamlike height. Audaciosuly curved semicircular niches placed at every corner made the entire building seen to dance. And a spectacular dome lined with gleaming gold mosaics floated almost 200 feet above it all. (296) The Hagia Sophia: After the conquest of Constantinople by The Muslim Ottomans in 1453, The Hagia Sophia was made into a masque by having minarets added to each corner. Otherwise, it looks exactly as it did in the days of Justinian. In modern times, it became model for the domand mosques that appear all over the Islamic world. (295)

Hellenism Hellenism (a term derived from the Greek’s name for tmeselves, Hellénes) was a new phenomenon.It involved the process by the individual cultures of the Greek city-states gave way to a uniform culture stressing the common identity of all who embraced Greek ways. This culture had common features of language, art, architecture, drama, politics, philospohy and much more, to which anyone anywhere in the Afro-Eurasian world cuold have access. By diffusing well beyond its homeland, it brought worlds together; its influence spread from Greece to all shores of the Mediterianan into parts of sub-saharan africa, across Soutwest Asia, and through the Iranian plateau into central and South Asia. It even had echos in China. (204) Huns Huns,tribes known as the Roman Empire invaded by them after the nomadic migration are a common name given to the communities. The Huns have lived in Eastern Europe the Caucasus, and Central Asia between the 1st century and the 7th century. Under Attila (reigned 434-453 CE) the Huns became the most powerful, and most feared, military force in Europe. For twenty chilling years a single king, Attila (406–453 CE), imposed himself as sole ruler of all the Hunnish tribes. He was a harsh overlord who frightened the Germanic peoples even more than he frightened the Romans. The Romans had walls to hide behind—Hadrian’s Wall, town walls, villa walls, city walls. Laws of Manu Part of the handiwork of Brahman priests; a representative code of law that incorporated social sanctions and practices and provided guidance for living within the caste system. The Laws of Manu were the most comprehensive code in law codes drawing on Hindu moral rules and customary law compiled by the Brahmans to maintain order. In Hindu mythology, Manu (“human”) was the father of the human race and Laws of Manu applied to all persons no matter where they lived. The “true” order of society, summed up in the Laws of Manu, remained the same even kingdoms change. And offered guidance for living within the caste system, whose origins lay centuries earlier. Every person had to marry within his or her caste and follow its profession and dietary rules in order to perpetuate its status. The Laws of Manu offered a way to cope with a constantly changing Indian society. It propagated Hinduism into areas beyond the reach of the state. The code also reinforced what it meant to belong to a community of believers, especially as the faithful no longer lived close to one another. In this sense, the Laws of Manu functioned like the Jewish Torah, the Confucian Analects, Christianity’s New Testament, and eventually the Islamic Quran. Legalism Legalism Also called Statism, a system of thought about how to live an ordered life. It was developed by Master Xun, or Xunzi (310– 237 BCE). It is based on the principle that people, being inherently inclined toward evil, require authoritarian control to regulate their behavior. Legalism, or Statism, another view of how best to live an orderly life, grew out of the writings of

Master Xun (Xunzi, 310–237 BCE) toward the end of the Warring States period. He believed that men and women were innately bad and therefore required moral education and authoritarian control. He imagined a state with a ruler who followed the Daoist principle of wuwei, detaching himself from everyday governance for judging his officials and people. This philosophy valued written law codes, administrative regulations, and inflexible punishments more highly than rituals and ethics. After registering people in groups of five and ten, officials made them all responsible for one another— and subject to punishment for any crime that any one of them might commit. Mahayana BuddhismBecause of the mixing of nomadic, Hellenistic, Persian and Mesopotamian traditions with Buddhism produce a new religious synthesis. The new school Mahayana Buddhism school protect synthesis of Buddha is god a deity. Religious tenets of Mahayana Buddhism more appealing to the average person. The Mahayana Buddhists vision Bodhisattvas ; enlightened demigods who is not ready for nirvana have to help others prepared Buddha-lands and heavens to welcome deceased devotees not yet ready to release desires and entire nirvana. The afterlife of Mahayana Buddhism was thus colorful and pleasant because all individuals could move from a life of suffering into a happy existence. Mahayana (Great Vehicle) view was that it could help all individuals from a life of suffering into a happy existence. One of the bodhisattvas, Avalokiteshvara said he would stay and help guide those who traveled in caravans or navigated ships. To portray the Buddha and the bodhisattvas to audience decide to convey the life of Buddha and his message in literature. Asvaghosa a great Buddhist thinker and the first known Sanskrit writer, wrote a biography of Buddha. This work known as Buddhacarita which became widely read. After Buddhist started to give the Buddha and bodhisattvas realistic human form. The idea of Mahayana Buddhism quickly spread throughout South Asia, providing Buddhist beliefs more uniform. Nicaean Creed 325 de toplanan klise meclisinin kararlaştırıdığı ve 6.yy da bütün batı hristiyan alaminde kabul edilen Hristiyanlık ilkeleri. In 325 CE, Constantine celebrated his final conquest of the eastern provinces by summoning all the bishops to Nicaea (modern Iznik in western Turkey). Though their religion has since produced many denominations, all Christians still regard the Council of Nicaea as the foundational moment when their faith was summed up in a creed (from the Latin credo, “I believe”). It was a statement of religious belief formulated in technical, philosophical terms. It asked believers to balance three separate Gods in one supreme being—God “the father,” “the son,” and “the holy spirit.” Also at Nicaea the bishops agreed to hold Easter, the day on which Christians celebrate Christ’s resurrection from the tomb, on the same day in every church of the Christian world. Olmecs A people who emerged around 1500 BCE and lived in Mesoamerica. The name means those who “lived in the land of the rubber.” Olmec society was composed of decentralized villages. Its members spoke the same language and worshipped the same gods. bunlar meksika körfezinde

yaşayn seçkin sınıf tolumuymuş. mayalar ve inkaların ortak ataları oldukları da söylenmiş. bir yılı da 365 gün olarak hesaplayabilmişler. Further to the north, in Mesoamerica, the first complex society emerged around 1500 BCE between the highland plateaus of central Mexico and the Gulf Coast around modern-day Veracruz. (See Map 5-4.) The Olmecs are an example of a first-generation community that created new political and economic institutions while contemplating profound questions about the nature of humanity and the world beyond. These were the Olmecs, a name meaning “inhabitants in the land of rubber”—one of their staples. Around 1500 BCE, the residents of hundreds of hamlets began to develop a single culture and to spread their beliefs, artistic achievements, and social structure far beyond their heartland. At the core of Olmec culture were its decentralized villages, which housed hundreds—possibly thousands—of households apiece. In these settlements productive subsistence farmers cultivated most of the foodstuffs their communities needed (especially maize, beans, squash, and cacao), while shipping lightweight products including ceramics and precious goods (such as jade, obsidian, or quetzal feathers, used to create masks and ritual figurines) to other villages. Most of the precious objects were for religious purposes rather than everyday consumption. Pax Sinica (149-87 BCE) The period of peace and prosperity in China by retreat of Xiongnu. China achieved a Pax Sinica (149–87 BCE) that was much like the Pax Romana (25 BCE–235 CE) in the West. Han expansion coincided with the flourishing of the Silk Road, where Xiongnu nomads were key middlemen. Wu expanded westward and extended the northern defensive wall from the Tianshan Mountains to the Gobi Desert. Wu also built garrison cities at oases to protect the trade routes, which later become a culturally diverse center of Buddhist thought and activity. Wu established military and farming settlements in the semidesert region. The state even encouraged soldiers to bring their families to settle on the frontier. The government gave them seeds, tools, and technical support. The westernmost gate was called the Jade Gate, since jade from the Taklamakan Desert passed through it. its military power expanded beyond the Jade Gate, the Han government set up a similar system of oases on the rim of the Taklamakan Desert. With irrigation, oasis agriculture attracted many more settlers. Kitabın arkasında kısaca şöyle verilmiş: Pax Sinica; Period of peace (149–87 BCE) during which agriculture, commerce, and industry flourished in East Asia under the rule of the Han. Punic Wars The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. After, Rome began an extraordinary phase of military and territorial expansion and by 265 BCE it had taken most of the control of the Italian peninsula. It next entered into three wars with the Carthaginians, the major power located in the northern parts of present-day Tunisia. With the victory of Romans, they had showed the power of their unique military institutions and acquired a dominant position in the Mediterranean. bence bu kadarı yeter ama ayırmak isteyen olursa.. The First Punic War (264-241 BCE) was a prolonged naval battle over the island of Sicily. With their victory, the Romans acquired a dominant position in the western Mediterranean.

The Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) revealed the real strength and might of Roman arms. In the end of the war, not even a strategic and tactical genius like Hannibal could prevailed against the Roman military system. In The Third Punic War (150-146 BCE), the Romans used their overwhelming advantage in manpower, ships and other resources, thus the four-centuries-long hegemony of Carthage in the western Mediterranean came to an end. Res publica Romans had lived a state that they called the “public thing” or Res Publica. Policy and rules of behavior issued from the Senate- a body of permanent members, 300 to 600 of Rome’s most powerful and wealthy citizens- and from popular assemblies of the citizens.The citizens elected the official of state who held power for a year and commanded the armies.The people annually elected two men who, as tribunes of the plebs (“the common people”) had the special task of protecting their interests against those o...