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Wuolah free Unit Wuolah free Unit 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 all. sociology, alfonso, completado power point+explicacion bien redactada. Carlos III...

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Anónimo Globalización y Sociedad 1º Doble Grado en Estudios Internacionales y Derecho Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas. Sede Getafe Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

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To date, there remains to be a debate on whether globalization processes are leading to convergence (homogenization), or diversification. There are also theorists proposing that it is in fact leading to other mixed forms of new and old culture and organization. When globalization was first noticed in the early 80s, the first tendency for social scientists was to analyze the homogenization effects of globalization, since it was assumed that globalization would increase homogenization

1st wave of scholar on globalization→ → HOMOGENIZATION 1. McDonalization (Ritzer, critical about homogenization)

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Globalization breeds competition, forces producers to find the most efficient and rational way to provide goods and services→ as successful models emerge, they are imitated by others (telecommunication and transportation help), so then the world would be a lie McDonald’s as an example of the competitive forces: extreme success that is imitated all around the world (chicken, coffee…) Paradigm of what was happening in the economy because of the forces of competition (tourism packages, malls, academia: modular curricula, tour operators, theme parks) Standardization → from fast food to the class (standardization of education) Competition motives actors to seek for efficient and rational ways to deliver products→ → imitation→ homogenization Makes sense under one assumption→ there is one and unique efficiency optimum

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Revolutions of mc→ smaller menu, ordering and paying in the counter, design of the parking lot

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2. World Society Theory/ isomorphisation (Meyer) -

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Key of globalization→ it motivates the proliferation of international and transnational organizations (politic, NGO’s, academic associations) In the past, national policies, etc, tended to be shaped by local governments, with this proliferation has led to another social influence on what states do (laws and ideas) People within the international organizations interact and create a consensus→world script: prescriptive ideas on how the world should work When people go back, they are carriers of these ideas → introduce a new element in the organization of our lives that has to compete with local ideas Main carriers: UN, States, International Civil Societies (such as scientific associations) and national sub-state actors. Causal effect facilitated by the fact that the world is divides in states with similar structures (welfare, taxation, justice). When they meet, triumphalist states become a model for other less prosperous to follow. World scripts spread through three main mechanisms: imitation, norms and forces.

3. The Survival of the Fittest and The End of History (Fukuyama) -

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Globalization→Competition→Survival of the fittest (Force/Power more than Efficiency Optimum) Example: Competition between two systems—capitalism/Communism→The Fall of the Berlin wall and the triumph of neoliberalist capitalism.

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UNIT 2. CONVENGENCE VS. DIVERGENCE

DIVERGENCE. CRITIQUES OF HOMOGENIZATION -

There is not a universal efficient optimum → depends on the context (resources, culture…) Motivates actors to borrow selectively to do the best use of their local resources→ local optimums, by differentiating them from competitors. Example of the automobile industry (Argentina a failure, Spain, Korea, Taiwan)

2. Critique of deterministic understanding of the diffusion of World scripts (Wimmer, Mayer, Rowan) -

Scripts are general because they are born out of consensus→ most agreements are usually general and abstract Since world scripts are written by a plurality of actors in a certain context there is no guarantee of consistence→ can be implemented differently The other theory does not consider how local population may react to these scripts→ one should not expect simple convergence (scripts can be resisted) Example: centralized rule differs across countries (Mexico- Turkey) Different scripts can be contradictory with each other (ex. Neoliberals vs socialists) Hybrid forms

HYBRIDIZATION/ GLOCALIZATION INSTEAD OF CONVERGENCE OR PERMANENT DIFFERENCE Assumptions 1. Competition as just one motivational force (other motivations: value priorities, ways of seeing the world; resource constraints, different capabilities) 2. Skepticism over the omnipotence of Global actors and scripts (Broad and Polysemic scripts; Coercion is rare) 3. Emphasis on the agency of local actors (e.g. resistance to world scripts, selective borrowing) Analytical Framework -

Global Actors and Global Scripts meet Autonomous local Actors and Scripts Expectations: Homogenization greater in the realm of everyday culture and consumption than in the realms of core norms and beliefs, because the latter are more institutionalized.

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1. Critique of the efficiency optimum assumption (Mauro Guillén)...