1. Urban Dynamics + Sydney and Pyrmont PDF

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Urban Dynamics + Sydney and Pyrmont

Urban Dynamics Syllabus: Suburbanisation: Until 1970’s:

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Transport Changes and Urban Morphology: Suburban Epping:

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Suburbanisation in Australia: Changing Suburbia:

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Exurbanisation: Southern Highlands:

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The United States: Counter Urbanisation:

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Evocities: Decentralisation: Orange-Bathurst: Urban Consolidation:

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Example: UC in Sydney Urban Decay and Renewal:

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In Sydney: Harold Park:

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Land Economics: Urban Village:

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‘City of Villages’ Strategy: Spatial Exclusion: Examples:

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Case Study: Sydney Syllabus: Social Structure and Spatial Patterns: Processes Shaping Social Structure of Sydney: Rising Inequality in the Suburbs: Evidence of Disadvantage: Changing Economic Character, Nature and Location: Changing Economic Character: Residential Land: Suburbanisation: Consolidation and Renewal: Industrial Development: The Trend toward Industrial Parks Global Economic Corridor: Commercial Development:

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Culture of Place: Dynamics Influencing: Suburbanisation: Consolidation and Renewal: Urban Village: The Future: Growth, Development, Future and Sustainability:

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Growth and Future TRends: Ecological Footprint: Accommodating Growing Population: Suburbanisation:

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Urban Consolidation and Renewal: Transport Infrastructure for Future Growth:

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Water Resources: Waste Disposal:

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Further Ecological Recommendations:

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Case Study: Urban Renewal in Pyrmont

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Syllabus: Urban Decay:

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Urban Renewal: City West Development Corporation (CWDC):

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Significant Land Use Changes: Demographic Changes: The Future of Pyrmont:

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Urban Dynamics Syllabus: ●

The urban dynamics of change: suburbanisation, exurbanisation, counterurbanisation, decentralisation, consolidation, urban decay, urban renewal, urban village, spatial exclusion

Suburbanisation: ● ● ● ●

The movement of people, employment and facilities away from the inner city to outer suburbs In the latter part of the 20th century intro of trams and rail made suburban living possible ○ Radial to Linear (morphology) Car ownership accelerated in the mid 20th century furthering this trend ‘Edge cities’ have become feature of urban landscape as a result ○ Parramatta, Chatswood, Campbelltown

Until 1970’s: ● People worked in the central city and lived in suburbs ● Suburbanisation of commerce and industry intensified in 60’s + 70’s ● Typically the wealthier, nuclear families moving into suburbia ● Restructuring of the Metropolitan economy ○ Process led by retail large regional shopping centres ○ Upsurge in the suburbanisation of employment Transport Changes and Urban Morphology: ● Pre rail, cities were very compact due to work ● Small nucleated suburbs near rail stations began emerging leading to star-shaped pattern with buses allowing infilling ● The car however changed the urban landscape (Sydney 50’s and 60’s) ○ 2017 - 14.1mill cars, 1920 - 76000 cars ○ Aus fourth highest number of cars per head of population ● Multi-functional urban cores – ‘Mini-cities’, ‘edge cities’ ● Self-sufficiency – Urban entities, own economic and cultural activity

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Suburban Epping: Epping was one of Sydney's first railway suburbs est soon after rail opening in 1886 Today town centre is undergoing urban renewal to promote consolidation following decision to make Epping junction station ○ Permit buildings of 22 stories within 400m of station - 3750 homes added

Suburbanisation in Australia: ● Commenced with the intro of trams and rail being dominant influence from 1860-1920 ● As cars became more accessible people began buying own detached houses ● Quarter acre block became family right and other homes were temporary ● High BR and immigration generated housing demand with non-Anglo celtic going to city and Anglo celtic to suburbs ● Expansion in home ownership ● Rising standards of living allowed poorer to move outwards

Changing Suburbia: ● Today the majority in Sydney live in post-WWII suburbs ● Manufacturing jobs traditionally mainstay of middle/lower class suburbia ● Australian dream however now declining with suburban house prices rising ● Gentrification, urban consolidation, and apartments building have all contributed to end of postwar boom in suburbia ● 1996 census showed for first time since federation, Sydney’s inner city had grown

Exurbanisation: ●

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Exurbanisation: A process whereby people, usually affluent, move from the city to rural areas but continue to maintain an urban way of life either through long distance commuting or technology ○ Low density, semi-rural settlements linked to the city Age: 25-34 years - young couples in professional jobs/managerial jobs Pull: Cheaper Housing + attraction of semi-rural life (higher quality of life and larger dwellings) Push: City too congested and expensive

Southern Highlands: ● Southern Highlands is a popular location to move to from Sydney being a 90min drive ● Quaint villages and cool climate ● Affluent residents purchased land around areas like Bowral and retreated there from the humid Sydney summer ● Technology to work from home The United States: ● 60 million travel over 100km from semi-rural or very low density to work ● Ex includes Cape Cod, Front range of Rockies & Central California. ● Do not have to forego modern conveniences and urban opportunities.

Counter Urbanisation: ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Counter: the relocation of people & employment from large cities to smaller urban centres/rural areas Often supported by decentralisation Incentivised by: transport subsidies, low-interest loans and cheap land Personal decision to move from the urban areas Push and pull factors: traffic congestion, pollution, fear of crime, rural dream, government housing developers encouraging movement Wombarra is an example: which has a weekly income of $2,181 and 240 individuals have bachelor degree or higher Statistics: ○ It is increasingly attractive for millennials to move to regional areas ■ 179,000 millennials moved from cities to rural areas, 32,000 more than the other war around ○ 501,643 moved from capital cities to regional areas from 2011-2016 ○ Across all age groups regional areas attracted 65,000 more people than it lost to capital cities from 2011-2016

Evocities: ● Seven of NSW's leading regional cities have united to form the evocities campaign and encourage people to live, work and invest in the evocity ● These are Albury, Armidale, Bathurst, Dubbo, Tamworth and Wagga Wagga ● Part of the promotion includes lifestyle, housing affordability, family life, employment and the ability to live and work in a city without stress ● Has attracted 3960 new households to regional areas in 10 years. ● Who is moving to rural areas: ○ Affluent and mobile people ○ Families with children ○ Millennials

Decentralisation: ●

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Decentralisation: occurs when govts provide encouragement & incentives for various industries to move out of large metropolitan areas ○ E.g. Bathurst-Orange, Gosford-Wyong, Campbelltown ○ E.g. NSW department of primary industries was moved from Sydney to Orange Adopted by gov to take population pressure of cities like pollution, congestion, travel to work time Seen today with movement of industry to rural areas Push and pull factors: traffic congestion, pollution, fear of crime, rural dream, government housing developers encouraging movement

Orange-Bathurst: ● Became thriving rural area in 1970’s by developing centre of education with boarding schools ● Now 30,000 ● Orange Development Corporation (BODC) est with the responsibility of creating a growth centre ○ Promote, plan and program, acquire and subdivide land, construct residential, commercial and industrial buildings, achieve a target population - 24,000 by early 2000s

Urban Consolidation: ●

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Urban consolidation is the policies and programmes designed to increase population densities in existing urban areas of the inner and middle suburbia (often brownfield sites), to make more efficient use of existing infrastructure and limit urban sprawl. ○ It widens the range of housing style creating medium to high density areas Arguments for: ○ Urban sprawl - slows loss of land (1200m² per urban dweller) ○ Costs - low density sprawl is expensive to service e.g. utilities, transport, schools ○ Cars - reduce dependency and encourages public transport ○ Emissions - reduced cars being biggest contributor ○ Isolation/inequality - ghettos of poverty as those without cars isolated in outer suburbs ○ Public realm - public spaces & transport get neglected with private transport & low density housing ○ Housing needs - diverse population seen an increase in demand for high density closer to centre Arguments against: ○ Greenfield sites - are actually not incredibly expensive. By building smaller suburban bloc, the coasts are largely reduced

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Population - increasing population will overwhelm existing social structures and resources negating the savings achieved ○ Price - increasing the supply of housing does not reduce the costs ○ Congestion - increasing density in already crowded parts increase congestion ○ Parking - problematic as people still insist on driving ○ Privacy - loss of privacy in medium and high density building Mostly Sydney’s elderly: over 65 increase from 13% in 2001 to expected 27% in 2050 SINKS and DINKS likely to live in consolidation: 2016 37% couples no children and by 2026 45% Lone person more likely: 2016 25% 2026 34% Why - CHIFLAM: ○ Consumer choice (city preference), household size decreasing, immigration, lifestyle expectations increasing, family unit changing, Ageing population, Marriage is later

Example: UC in Sydney ● Evident - throughout metropolitan area not just inner city ● Especially - near suburban railway stations ● Process - medium density from demolishing rows of 3 or 4 detached dwellings and replace with villas, townhouses, apartments, expensive multi storey apartments ● High density - often inner city old industrial/port facilities (obsolete) changed into higher density residential/commercial precinct where land is more expensive ● Effective - needs a balance between demand for medium/high density and availability ● As social and demographic changes occur so has the diversification of housing type often reinforcing consolidation ● Sydney Today – Twice as many units approved than detached homes (25000 vs 10000 pa) ● Examples: ○ Villas/townhouses + duplexes: Hills district (Pennant Hills, Thornleigh) ○ High density: Pyrmont, Barangaroo, Green Square ○ Darling Square: 4200 residents and 2500 workers, 1500 apartments and 1000 student buildings, open space covering 25% of land

Urban Decay and Renewal: ● ● ●

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Urban decay = deterioration of the urban environment when infrastructure falls into disrepair Urban renewal = redevelopment of such areas so that they better meet the needs of the people Until the mid 1960's many parts of inner Sydney experienced urban decay ○ This was reflective in deterioration of working class areas and ○ Decline of inner city investment, due to urbanisation and decentralisation ○ Technological advances broke the association between inner city and industry e.g. urban freeway and cost reduced trucking Since the 1960's, the process bas been gentrification (a form of renewal, not a dynamic) Since the 1980's, global economic restructuring has focused on reinvestment in the inner city, with a focus on medium-high density housing Old warehouse and factories are gone Restructuring: change in a structure of the workforce from a secondary industry to a tertiary/quaternary workforce

In Sydney: ● Up to 1980’s most residential & non residential development occurred in Suburbia

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1996 Census first time since 1911 Sydney’s inner pop had grown and has continued 1996-2016, 88,000 to 209,000 pop growth Global economic restructuring has acted to promote reinvestment in inner city 5 years to 2016 40% of all job growth in Sydney has occurred in the CBD New inner city construction on land cleared of former land uses such as warehousing Some involves gentrification of refurbishing 19th C terraces e.g. Paddington, Surry Hills, Glebe Glebe also has government how cost housing and the city has 74% units whilst Australia has only 14% on average

Harold Park: ● The racetrack has been demolished to make way for 1250 new apartments and terraced and almost four hectares of public parks and open space. Mirvac is the developer ● Heritage-list ed tramsheds centres on provedores offering a range of food in a European-inspired food hall ● The tram depot structure has been uninhabited since the 1950's ● The $1.1billion project includes 1,250 new residences that will be home to around 2.500 people Land Economics: ● 3 factors govern land use change: ○ Annual operating costs ○ Location value ○ Annual return

Urban Village: ● ● ●

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A distinctive residential or commercial district whose functional form and character are influenced by a particular community They are commonly made up of people with a common culture and identifiable focus Examples of urban villages are: ○ Double Bay and Mosman: higher socioeconomic ○ Norton Street Leichardt: Italian and cafe ○ Ling Street Newtown: students and professionals ○ Chinatown: tourism and Chinese Australian interests ○ Darlinghurst: gay community Economic concentration acts to reinforce the social regionalisation & residential segregation based on socio-economic status

‘City of Villages’ Strategy: ● Adopted by City of Sydney Council aiming to re-establish traditional neighbourhoods ● Promote vibrant, liveable communities with unique characteristics ●

Spatial Exclusion: ● ● ●

The desire of the urban elite to protect luxury lifestyle resulted in practised to limit spatial access and freedom of movement of other urban dwellers High security suburbs, security conscious malls and business centres Exclusionary Zoning - the control & regulation of land use by which 'undesirable elements' are excluded from a particular space

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An offshoot of economic/class segregation in the 1920's USA whereby the emerging middle class wish to maintain a social distance from migrant underclasses in the inner city - guarding against crime ○ Most common example being 'gated communities' Sydney has 14 gated communities

Examples: ● Jackson's Landing - high security consolidated apartment in old inner city industrial area that has been renewed ● Liberty Grove - gated community opposite Rhodes peninsular and Olympic site (renewed) ● Macquarie Links - wealthy development on outskirts surrounded by less wealthy suburbs - 300 homes and 900 residents with security and exclusivity

Case Study: Sydney Syllabus: ●

A case study of the results of the urban dynamics in a large city selected from the developed world including its ○ Social structure and spatial patterns of advantage and disadvantage, wealth and poverty, ethnicity ○ Changing economic character, nature and location of residential land, commercial and industrial development ○ Culture of place as expressed in the architecture, streetscape, heritage, architecture, noise, colour, street life, energy, vitality and lifestyles ○ Growth, development, future trends and ecological sustainability

Social Structure and Spatial Patterns: Processes Shaping Social Structure of Sydney: ● Social division: ○ Although more egalitarian than most world cities, clear division - Wolseley Road Point Piper 9th most expensive streets in world ○ Opening of harbour bridge expanded wealth from East to North ○ Professional and working class divide coined ‘latte line’ ○ Flat land W of CBD ideal for industry = low skill/education working class ○ Private schools are very limited to North shore, inner city and East ■ Contrastingly 85% students in Blacktown state school ○ Wahroonga and Palm Beach have SEIFA (Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas) of 1 and so do pockets of advantage like Penrith ● Growth of the middle class: ○ Dynamic high growth manufacturing sector eventually raising wages and reducing inequality but not evenly distributed ○ More income was growing house ownership post WWII ● Inequality due to economic restructuring: ○ Desindustrialisation due to globalisation and outsourcing = decline in manufacturing ○ 7% employed in manufacturing today while 1991 14% ○ Gave way to tertiary and service-based economy with range of higher level tech jobs and lower level service jobs = increased inequality as wider range ● Ethnicity: ○ Much of the migrant population (68%) came with a form of skill ○ Majority from China, Philippines, UK, Pakistan, Vietnam ○ However at significant disadvantage due to financial resources and language barriers Rising Inequality in the Suburbs: ● As the degraded inner city areas of the previous CIA are renewed, exclusive enclaves of wealth and opportunity are now forming ● All new high-tech and innovative jobs are now being funnelled here

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The W and S are subsequently left behind as it instead receives manufacturing Almost half the jobs created in S and W are now low income leading to challenges e.g. unemployment, job insecurity, long commutes Rate of disadvantage 1986-2016: ○ Those from 20km-19km from CBD have increased in disadvantage by 80% ○ 20km-29km increase by 139% ○ i.e. more segregated = harder for economic mobility - locations of disadvantage are Liverpool and Bankstown with decline in relative income and poor housing market Yet the upper echelons are thriving seen in the rise of the managerial class

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Evidence of Disadvantage: Income: Edgecliff - 37% over $3000. Lakemba - 27% less than $650 Degrees: Edgecliff - 50% bachelor or above. Lakemba - 27% bachelor or above Ethnicity: Edgecliff - English/Australian 40%. Bangladesh/Lebanese 21%

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Changing Economic Character, Nature and Location: Changing Economic Character: ● Countries financial capital dominated by TNC’s and information-intensive industry ● 17% of Sydney’s employees in finance and business ● Employment growth in corridor 3x higher than rest of city and 40% more than national ○ Corridor accounts for 50% of NSW Gross State Product ○ Avergae income in corridor $80,000 - beat rest of NSW by $32,000 Residential Land: Suburbanisation: ● Sydney sprawls 12,400km² ● Historical people worked in CIA and lived in city but trams, trains and car ownership = sprawl ● Post-war immigration and increased home ownership through gov policies led to growth ○ Bankstown, Parramatta, Blacktown created ● Recently there has been NW and SW growth centre and other periphery growth ● Future suburbanisation will occur with Sydney metro, W Sydney airport, W Sydney uni Consolidation and Renewal: Official policy of NSW gov became denser land use with existing infrastructure ● Economic restructuring left brownfield sites for high density housing ● Green Square $13bill renewal with 30,500 residential developments and 61,000 people ● Central Park Sydney was a former brewery bit now high density and high standard of living residential housing costing $2bill ● NSW gov wants 60-60% new housing to come from area of renewal and built in consolidation ● Ku-ring-gai currently has 95% low density housing but plans to consolidate Industrial Development: ● CIA was S and SW of the CBD with many indu...