2. History OF Books - Lekcija u kojoj se analizira povijest razvitka knjiga PDF

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Lekcija u kojoj se analizira povijest razvitka knjiga...

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Unit 2 HISTORY OF BOOKS I Pre-reading. Why is the invention of the printing press one of the most important discoveries that humanity has ever made? II Reading Task 1) Read the text From Papyrus to Paperbacks and do the reading comprehension task below. From Papyrus to Paperbacks 1. Ever since the ancient Babylonians and Egyptians began experimenting with alphabets some five thousand years ago, people have found ways to preserve their written symbols. Initially, pictorial symbols and letters appeared on wood strips or clay tablets, tied or stacked together to form the first "books." As early as 2400 B.C., the Egyptians wrote on papyrus (from which the word paper is derived) made from plant reeds found along the Nile River. They rolled these writings in scrolls, much as builders do today with blueprints. This method was adopted by the Greeks in 650 B.C. and by the Romans (who imported the papyrus from Egypt) from 300 to 100 B.C. 2. Around 1000 B.C., the Chinese made book like objects from strips of wood and bamboo tied together in bundles. About the time the Egyptians started using papyrus, the Babylonians began pressing symbols and marks into small tablets of clay. These stacked tablets recorded business transactions, government records, favorite stories, and local history. Gradually, parchment—treated animal skin—replaced papyrus. Parchment was stronger, smoother, more durable, and less expensive because it did not have to be imported from Egypt. 3. Although the Chinese began making paper in A.D. 105, paper made by hand from cotton and linen did not replace parchment in Europe until the thirteenth century. Paper was not as strong as parchment, but it was cheaper. The first postmodern book was probably produced in the fourth century by the Romans, who created the codex, a type of book cut into sheets of parchment and sewn together along the edge, then bound with thin pieces of wood and covered with feather. Whereas scroll had to be wound, unwound, and rewound, codices could be opened to any page, and, their configuration allowed writing on both sides of a page.

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4. During the Middle Ages (A.D. 400 to 1500), the Christian clergy strongly influenced what has become known as manuscript culture, a period in which books were painstakingly lettered, decorated, and bound by hand. During this time, priests and monks advanced the art of bookmaking; in many ways, they may be considered the earliest professional editors. Known as scribes, they "wrote" most of the books of this period, making copies of existing philosophical tracts and religious books, especially versions of the Bible. Through tedious and painstaking work, scribes became the chief caretakers of recorded history and culture. 5. Many works from the Middle Ages were illuminated manuscripts. These books featured decorative, colorful designs and illustrations on each page. Their covers were made from leather, and some were inscribed with precious gems or gold and silver trim. During this period, scribes developed rules of punctuation and made distinctions between small and capital letters; they also put space between words, which made reading easier. Older Roman writing had used all capital letters, and words ran together on a page, making reading a torturous experience. 6. The oldest printed book still in existence is China's Diamond Sutra by Wang Chieh, from A.D. 868. It consists of seven sheets pasted together and rolled up in a scroll. To make copies of pages, early Chinese printers developed block printing, a technique using sheets of paper applied to a block of inked wood with raised surfaces in hand-carved letters and sketches. This constituted the basic technique used in printing newspapers, magazines, and books throughout much of modern history. Although hand-carving each block, or "page," was time-consuming, this printing breakthrough enabled multiple copies to be produced and then bound together. In 1295, explorer Marco Polo introduced these techniques to Europe after his excursion to China. The first handmade printed books appeared in Europe during the 1400s, and demand for them began to grow among the literate middle-class populace emerging in large European cities. 7. The next step in printing was the radical development of movable type, first invented in China around the year 1000. Movable type featured Chinese characters made from reusable pieces of wood or metal. Printers arranged or moved letters into various word combinations, greatly speeding up the time it took to make a page. This process, also used in Korea as early as the thirteenth century, developed independently in Europe in the 1400s.Then, in Germany, between 1453 and 1456, Johannes Gutenberg used movable type to develop a printing press, which he adapted from a wine press. Gutenberg's staff of printers produced the first so-called modern books, including two hundred copies of a Latin Bible, twenty-one copies of which still exist. The Bible required six presses, many printers, and several months to produce. It was printed on fine handmade paper, a treated animal skin called vellum. The pages were hand-decorated, and the use of woodcuts made illustrations possible. 2

8. Essentially, Gutenberg and his printing assistants had not only found a way to carry knowledge across geographic borders but had also formed the prototype for mass production. Printing presses spread rapidly across Europe in the late 1400s and early 1500s Chaucer's Canterbury Tales became the first English work to be printed in book form. Many early books were large, elaborate, and expensive, taking months to illustrate and publish. They were usually purchased by aristocrats, royal families, religious leaders, and ruling politicians. Printers, however, gradually reduced the size of books and developed less expensive grades of paper, making books cheaper so more people could afford them. 9. The social and cultural transformations ushered in by the spread of printing presses and books cannot be overestimated . As historian Elizabeth Eisenstein has noted, when people could learn for themselves by using maps, dictionaries, Bibles, and the writings of others, they could differentiate themselves as individuals; their social identities were no longer solely dependent on what their leaders told them or on the habits of their families, communities, or social class. The technology of printing presses permitted information and knowledge to spread outside local jurisdictions. Gradually, individuals had access to ideas far beyond their isolated experiences, and this permit led them to challenge the traditional wisdom and customs of their tribes and leaders. (adapted from Media & Culture, pp. 349-351) III Reading comprehension Task 1) Sum up the main ideas of the paragraphs 2-9. The first one has been done. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)

____First “books”/The use of papyrus_________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

IV Vocabulary in context

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Task 1) Using the context clues, circle the most appropriate meaning of the choices given. The paragraph numbers are given in brackets to help you find the words in the text. 1) a) b) c)

stacked (1) piled pulled glued

2) scrolls (l) a) rolls of cloth b) rolls of papyrus c) rolls of cotton 3) a) b) c)

bound (3) moved limited fastened

4) a) b) c)

wound (3) damaged twisted reduced

5) a) b) c)

lettered (4) written printed received

6) a) b) c)

featured (5) enabled included feathered

7) a) b) c)

carved (6) illustrated written cut

8) movable type (7) a) flying class 4

b) mobile block c) moral character 9) elaborate (8) a) plain b) sophisticated c) interesting 10) ushered in (9) a) made sth bad begin b) made sth new begin c) made sth planned begin Task 2) Use the words covered in Task 1 to fill in the gaps in the sentences below. Make any grammatical changes if necessary. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

My parents have a leather-____________ volume of Shakespeare's plays. This statue is _____________ from a single block of marble. The exhibition _________________ paintings by Picasso. The discovery of oil ________________ an era of employment and prosperity. The assistants price the items and _____________ them on the shelves.

Task 3) Read the text From Papyrus to Paperbacks again and find the names of the materials used as writing media (e.g. wood strips). What were their features or qualities? What are their Croatian equivalents? Task 4) Find the corresponding English expressions in the text for the Croatian expressions listed below. The paragraph numbers are given in brackets.         

usvojiti metodu (1) uvezati u svežanj (2) usavršiti vještinu pravljenja knjiga (4) razviti pravila (5) uvesti tehnike (6) prenositi znanje (8) smanjiti veličinu knjiga (8) ne može biti dovoljno istaknuta (9) isključivo ovisna (9)

Task 5) The expressions in the box below refer to different book types throughout the history. The author of the text often provides the direct definition of a difficult word. 5

Look back at the reading, find the definitions or comparisons explaining the meaning of the words in the box and underline them. scroll, manuscript, codex, illuminated manuscript, block-printed book

V Speaking Task 1) What do you think that the following quotes mean? Discuss in pairs. a) “All books are divisible into two classes, the books of the hour, and the books of all time.” (John Ruskin, British philosopher) b) “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” (Francis Bacon, British philosopher and essayist) c) “If you cannot enjoy reading a book over and over again, there is no use in reading it at all.” (Oscar Wilde, Irish writer) d) “We read to know we are not alone.” (C. S. Lewis, British scholar and novelist) e) “We should be as careful of the books we read, as of the company we keep. The dead very often have more power than the living.” (Tryon Edwards, American theologian)

Task 2) Compare paper books and e-books; point out advantages and disadvantages of both media.

VI Grammar: Modal Verbs and Infinitives in Passive Voice Whereas scroll had to be wound, unwound, and rewound, codices could be opened to any page, and, their configuration allowed writing on both sides of a page. Although hand-carving each block, or "page," was time-consuming, this printing breakthrough enabled multiple copies to be produced and then bound together.

Task 1) Correct the incorrect sentences. Some sentences are correct. 1) Health and safety checks must to be carried out by qualified staff. 2) Officials from the trade delegation resented being meet by a junior member of staff.

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3) None of the files can be accessed without a password. 4) The equipment in a laboratory should not touch until a member of staff is present. 5) Burton argues that a council without a published 'green agenda' deserves be criticized. 6) Early types of rifle could not be fired without significant risk of injury to the soldier. (Oxford Grammar for EAP, p. 85) Task 2) Use passive forms of the underlined verb phrases and make the necessary changes to the sentences. Include the agent unless it is in brackets. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Local communities can make simple changes to aid biodiversity, according to Shalmi (2012). Most people would prefer (the relevant authorities) to consult them before a flight path is permanently re-routed over the area where they live. Middleton (2011) argues that better quality healthcare could prevent more than 100,000 deaths per year in the UK. Holstein (2009) describes (an official) questioning him for three hours in a threatening manner at Los Angeles International Airport. BAA are piloting a system that will allow (officials) to examine hand luggage more efficiently. If an accident victim is unconscious, (someone) should check his or her breathing regularly. (Oxford Grammar for EAP, p. 85)

VII Vocabulary development Task 1) Different verbs reflect different writing styles. Match the underlined words in the following sentences with their definitions below. 1) Jane scribbled her address in my notebook, but I couldn’t decipher her sloppy handwriting later on. 2) Let me jot down your number and I'll call you tomorrow. 3) I have to write up my essay before the next tutorial. 4) Brad was doodling on a sheet of paper instead of taking notes. 5) You cannot write down every word your lecturer says. a) to draw shapes, lines, or patterns without really thinking about what you are doing b) to write something on a piece of paper c) to write a report, article etc. using notes that you made earlier d) to write something quickly and untidily 7

e) to write a short piece of information quickly (source: Task 2) In pairs, find the odd one out in each set of the words below. Give explanations for your decisions. a) b) c) d)

compelling/evocative/compulsive/controversial/breathtaking reading boring/remarkable/lightweight/heavy going/dull reading editor/proofreader/monitor/reviewer/critic higher education textbooks/ bookworm/ mass market paperbacks/ professional books/ reference books e) shop/title/shelf/club/pocket Task 3) Use one word from each set in the Task 3 to make your own sentences referring to the books. Task 4) Using the vocabulary covered in the previous tasks, translate the following paragraph into English. Samo pedesetak godina nakon izuma tiskarskog stroja u Senju se pojavila skupina ljudi koja je shvatila važnost ovog izuma. Jedan od njih bio je i Blaž Baromić, jedna od najvažnijih osoba hrvatske kulturne povijesti. On je 1493. u Veneciji tiskao brevijar koji nosi njegovo ime. Sačuvano je pet primjeraka njegova brevijara: dva u Nacionalnoj i sveučilišnoj knjižnici u Zagrebu, te po jedan primjerak u Državnoj knjižnici u Münchenu, knjižnici Parma u Schwarzau (Austria) te u Sibiu (Rumunjska). Nakon tiskanja brevijara Baromić se vratio u Senj te već sljedeće godine nabavio sve potrebne strojeve za ustrojstvo tiskare. Prvo i najvrjednije djelo Senjske tiskare je Misal. Misal je knjiga u kojoj su skupljeni svi tekstovi što se upotrebljavaju kod mise za cijelu liturgijsku godinu. (adapted from http://www.tz-senj.hr/glagoljica-senjska-tiskara)

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