Title | 21ST CENTURY FUNK: A Microtiming Analysis of the Beats of J Dilla |
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Author | Sean Peterson |
Pages | 40 |
File Size | 1.6 MB |
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Total Downloads | 437 |
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Sean Peterson University of Oregon Summary for Academia.edu: Using microtiming analyses of several early beats of hip hop producer J Dilla, I identify sources of rhythmic stability and instability that combine to create Dilla's signature "tipsy"...
Sean Peterson University of Oregon Summary for Academia.edu: Using microtiming analyses of several early beats of hip hop producer J Dilla, I identify sources of rhythmic stability and instability that combine to create Dilla's signature "tipsy" rhythmic style. I argue that this results from the spontaneity with which he approached his craft, his willingness to leave "mistakes" in his beats, and his desire to manifest a "live" feel in his work.
1. With their virtuosic use of sample sources and EQ, and curious microtimings, the beats of J Dilla have inspired a generation of MCs, instrumentalists and producers. Since his death in 2006, Dilla enjoys a post‐mortem renown shared by few other hip hop musicians, and nary another producer. Using digital samplers like the MPC 3000 and SP1200 he combined the mechanical repetition inherent in looping samples with a striking approach to rhythm that gave many of his beats a distinct swing. As Hua Hsu wrote in this week’s New Yorker Magazine, “He would chop up a sturdy bass line until it became gummy and woozy; his
snares and kick drums came in a fraction of a second later than you expected… It’s a tipsy style.”
2. Previous studies have focused on microtiming to identify expressive qualities of live performances. For some, the value of such studies has been to contrast human performance with music produced with machines, and to argue that the former is more expressive, and thus more valuable. I propose that we can understand J Dilla’s “tipsy” rhythmic style as a virtuosic juxtaposition of mechanical‐repetitive elements and human performative elements that opens onto a larger world in which these two are not mutually exlusive, but compellingly compatible. This paper will approach Dilla’s rhythmic “voice” through microtiming analyses of several of his beats. Using software which creates visual representations of recorded sound and allows for exceptionally detailed listening, I will point out elements of Dilla’s beats which act to destabilize otherwise steady rhythms, and contribute to Dilla’s distinct swing. I propose that, like the work of a compelling drummer, Dilla’s beats blended these elements of stability and tension, creating a push and pull that caused head‐bobbing in hip hop listeners the world over.
3. I’d like to begin by orienting you to the ways I’ve been analyzing this music, so here’s an example. There are two types of visual representations that I have been looking at. The first is the wave form. The horizontal axis is time, and vertical is amplitude, essentially the volume of a sound. Notice there is no information on pitch.
4. Here I’ve labeled the appearances of the three basic drum kit sounds common in hip hop beats: kick drum, snare drum, and hi hat cymbals. For the rest of these slides I’ve positioned these labels vertically according to the instrument: kick drum labels are on the bottom, snare in the middle, and hi hats on top. Horizontally speaking, all labels appear just to the right of the wave form to which they refer.
5. The spectrogram is the second type of visual representation. Again the horizontal axis is time, but the vertical axis is frequency, i.e. pitch. The colors represent intensity.
6. Here they are together. The wave forms make loud events like kick and snare visible, while the spectrogram reveals the hi hat in vertical yellow bands that reflect its higher frequency spectrum. Here’s how this example sounds.
7. By superimposing a grid on the image, we create a visual analogy of a metronomic pulse, and can see where certain notes deviate from it. In this way we can actually see microtiming variations in beats. Since the notes of this particular beat fall directly on the grid locations, we could say it displays little microtiming variation. With that, you’re briefly oriented to the images I’ll primarily use in this paper. Let’s listen now to accounts from Dilla’s collaborators of the nature of his beats.
8. Dilla’s early work exerted a strong influence on musicians outside of his native Detroit as soon as he began sharing it. When he passed a demo of his band Slum Village to Qtip, producer and MC for the band A Tribe Called Quest, Tip was floored, and began sharing it with others immediately. Play video: http://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/lectures/q‐tip 1:04:34 – 1:05:15
9. Tip said Dilla’s use of EQ was compelling, and that the beats felt “live,” “authentic,” and had “swing.”
10. Qtip’s production partner in Tribe was Ali Shaheed Muhammad. After Tip met Dilla, the three of them quickly began working together and formed a production collective they called “The Ummah” which worked on several albums, including Tribe’s last two. Ali describes working with a 21‐year‐old Dilla like this: Play video: http://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/lectures/ali‐shaheed‐muhammad‐2012 1:10:40 ‐ 1:11:05
11. Ali describes one of the most talked‐about aspects of Dilla’s work: his speed. One reason Dilla was so fast was because he let “mistakes” remain in his beats. Jordan Ferguson, in his 33 1/3 book on Dilla’s album Donuts, writes that “the supporting character with the largest role is error. Mistakes.” and he quotes Dilla as saying “I used to listen to records and actually, I wouldn’t say look for mistakes, but when I heard mistakes in records it was exciting for me… I try to do that in my music a little bit, try to have that live feel a little bit to it.” (81) Dilla’s claim to prioritizing a “live” feel in his beats indicates a particular aesthetic of his, and gives us a lens through which to see his craft. When making beats, a producer layers different instruments on top of each other, essentially acting as a one man band. Different parts of the drumset, and other instruments like bass and keyboards may all be recorded separately, and he may take several passes at any one layer to get the whole sounding just the way he wants. Dilla’s speed points to a degree of spontaneity in his beatmaking, a trait associated more with live performance than with studio layering.
12. Now let’s look at and listen to some music. To get a picture of how Dilla gave his work a “live” feel, we might compare it to a beat produced using a drum machine. Run‐DMC’s “Walk This Way” used the Oberheim DMX drum machine to re‐record the drum part from Aerosmith’s original version. This is how that beat looks.
13. Notice how all the peaks are right on the grid. This is the effect of the drum machine, which “quantized” the different parts of the beat. In other words, it made the rhythms exactly even, or metronomic.
14. Let’s take a listen to the beat. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nM0Fl2MnV5Y (beginning 10 seconds)
15. By contrast, certain parts of many of Dilla’s beats display variation from the metronomic grid. His work with The Pharcyde is an early example. In this interview, Questlove describes hearing Dilla’s music for the first time as he was leaving a show at which his band The Roots had opened for the Pharcyde. Play video: http://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/lectures/questlove‐new‐york‐2013 35:17 – 36:06
16. Questlove’s describes Dilla’s beat as contrasting two regular components, the snare and high hats, against an erratic kick drum. The song “Runnin,” produced by Dilla, is made in exactly this way.
17. This slide shows the first two measures of the example I’ll play. As you listen, pay particular attention to the kick drum. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwHuEDCM7xs 4:15 – end As you could hear, the kick drum is very active and somewhat erratic as the snare and hi hats keep time. We won’t take the time to listen repeatedly here, but close examination reveals that the kick drum layer is a single performance, not a loop, and plays both on and off of metronomic beat locations during the entire song.
18. Superimposing the grid shows the regular eighth note pulse outlined by snare and hi hats. While some of the kicks line up on the eighth note locations indicated by the grid, more do not.
19. If we increase the resolution of the grid to show 16th notes, we see that the offbeat kicks do not land on 16th note locations as we might expect, but fall in the cracks between beats.
20. Of the 12 kick drum notes in these 2 measures, 8 fall in between metric locations. In this way the kick drum acts as a destabilizing agent in the groove and contrasts against the very even snare and hats.
21. This image shows the two measures following the last images. The same rhythmic character applies here.
22. Of the 13 kick drum notes in these two measures,
23. 10 land outside of metric locations. Dilla’s “drunken kick drum” style illustrates one approach to building a groove by pitting a destabilizing element, the kick drum, against a stable, metronomic pulse created by two or more concerted elements, in this case the snare and hi hats.
24. Slum Village’s album “Fantastic Volume One” was made with many of the same beats that Qtip heard on Dilla’s demo, and several of its tracks display various approaches to combining stable and unstable groove elements.
25. For example, in “Keep It On (This Beat),” the kick and high hat work together to create the stable rhythmic pulse illustrated by this placement of the grid, while the snare is just a shade early.
26. However, the major contributor to instability in the groove is the synthesizer bass notes, which routinely anticipate drum beats by about 100 milliseconds, the equivalent of a 32nd note at this tempo. Additionally, in every second measure a very short kick drum note preceeds the snare on beat two by this same 32nd note. It sounds like this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOVqaJpTEhQ 0:57 – 1:04
27. At a higher resolution we can more clearly see the extent to which the snare is early to beats two and four.
28. We also clearly see the bass anticipations to beats one and two, and kick anticipation to beat three.
29. When we add 32nd note locations to the graph, we see that all these anticipations are about the same length, a 32nd note, indicating the importance of that rhythmic value to the swung feeling of this beat.
30. We also see the same duration between the kick drum at beat “3and,” and the end of the preceeding bass note, here. Anne Danielsen, in her book Presence and Pleasure, The Funk Grooves of James Brown and Parliament, notes the importance to such a groove of the exact location of the ends of notes, not just the beginnings. That has also been my own experience as a bassist in funk and jazz musics. The way the release of a held note is articulated, and whether it is released precisely on a beat location have a tremendous effect on the funkiness of a groove. We see here how Dilla’s performance on the synth bass applies that principle to contribute to the groove with the end of a note.
31. We see that Dilla works with some smaller intervals as well, at the end of the bass note before the beat location “1and,” and in the micro‐anticipation of synth bass to beat four, made even more destabilizing by the snare’s early arrival to the same location. These are depicted by the added yellow arrows.
32. By way of comparison, let’s return to Walk This Way. Note the sharp onsets of each of the elements of the groove. Every note is right on the grid…
33. and no instrument destabilizes the groove with anticipations.
34. Questlove has another Dilla story that speaks to Ali’s account of Dilla’s virtuosity with a sampler. • One day we were having a beat making challenge. The best example was when he said, “You can pick any record for me.” I told him to use “Give It to Me Baby.” He took the intro and chopped up the bass so precise and slowed it down. Common instantly said, “I’m making this the second song on my record.” I was like, “What?!” It ended up being “Dooinit” from Like Water for Chocolate. from “The Soulquarians at Electric Lady: An Oral History” June 1, 2015 By Chris Williams http://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2015/06/the-soulquarians-at-electric-lady
35. Here is that beat. The snare drum notes on beats two and four are again a hair early. You will hear that Dilla added finger snaps to the snare, just a split second after. This creates a sort of flam, stretching the duration of those notes, which you can see from the relatively wide yellow bands on the spectrogram. It sounds like this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LU6MwPtBZvg beginning – 0:25
36. As you can see in the wave form, several anticipations to beat locations destabilize the otherwise fairly regular groove. Most of these are bass guitar “nudges” to the downbeats, and a note which sounds like a kick drum anticipates beat four.
37. This slide zooms in on the first half of the last slide. As the wave form shows, the snare is clearly early to beats two and four, though the spectrogram displays a duration to those notes created by the ensuing finger snap.
38. The bass guitar note cuts off right with the hi hat on beat “1and.”
39. In this slide the blue arrows indicate the two bass guitar anticipations to beats one and three, and the kick anticipation to beat four. They are all about the same length, too,
40. and again that length is roughly the equivalent of a 32nd note. In conclusion, several of Dilla’s early beats display microtiming variations which push and pull against metronomic locations, as made visible through wave forms and spectrograms. Whereas “Runnin” used a full performance of an erratic kick drum to act as a sort of rhythmic counterpoint to the concerted forces of snare and high hats, “Keep It On” and “Dooinit” both rely on loops layered with anticipations to metronomic locations, usually about a 32nd note, and sometimes smaller. In those beats, the drum set is stable, though the snare sounds early, and bass instruments nudge up against metric locations, anticipating them. Anne Danielsen has suggested that the expressive possibilities of a funk groove are expanded by the ways musicians play with and against a constant and sometimes non‐ sounding pulse. The “tipsy” or “live” feel of Dilla’s beats shows that a similar interaction is possible in music built mechanically by looping digital samples. Dilla’s beats manage to sound “live” by combining stable textures with destabilizing elements that exhibit a sensitivity to timing reminiscent of live performance. ...