2nd year excel dentistry PDF

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Excel BDS

Excel Dentistry nd

A complete question bank for 2 year BDS students

Editor

Ahmed Khadri BDS (MDS) Post Graduate Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Al-Badar Dental College and Hospital kalaburagi, Karnataka, India

Editor in chief

Junaid Ur Rahman Syed BDS HKDET's Dental College and Hospital Humnabad Dist Bidar. Karnataka

Excel Dentistry

Excel BDS

Headquarters Excel BDS 1 O H P P E

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Excel Dentistry

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Excel Dentistry

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Contributors Dr Nandhini BDS (MDS) Department of Public health Dentistry Government Dental College and Hospital

Dr UmmeGousiya Banu BDS Consulting Dental Surgeon Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India

Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Dr Meghashyama Kulkarni BDS (MDS) Department of Oral pathology

Dr Rayeesunnisa Begum BDS Consulting Dental Surgeon Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India

Government Dental College and Hospital Bangalore, Karnataka, India Dr Niveditha B. BDS MDS Endodontist and Aesthetic Dentist Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Dr MohdFayazuddin, MBBS MD

Dr Mohammed Mukarram Muneer Ahmed BDS Consulting Dental Surgeon Hyderabad, Telangana India Dr Mohammed Saqlain khan BDS Consulting Dental Surgeon Hyderabad, Telangana India

Assistant Professor Dept. Of Pharmacology Raichur Institute of medical sciences (RIMS) Dr AyubMBBS (MD) Department of General Medicine Basaveshwara College of Medical

Dr MounishaKondepati BDS Consulting Dental Surgeon Hyderabad, Telangana India

Dr Afshan BDS Consulting Dental Surgeon Hyderabad, Telangana India

Sciences and Hospital Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India Dr Malik Aqueel BDS (MDS)

Dr Adil Shoeb BDS Consulting Dental Surgeon Hyderabad, Telangana India

Department of maxillofacial and Pathology Al-Badar Dental College and Hospital Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India

Excel Dentistry

Excel BDS

Learning for knowing is Enduring, Learning for scoring is Empheral.

Excel Dentistry

Excel BDS

PREFACE The first edition of Excel Dentistry has been updated with recent advancements, hope the readers will find the book more informative and updated. The material in the book is introductory for a beginner in dentistry. Although there are many books, in this book we have solved 85+ question papers from the previous 10 years question papers, and every topic was discussed in detail keeping in mind the information required. While updating the 1st Edition of Excel dentistry, suggestions and corrections which were received from the students and colleagues have been taken into deeply grateful consideration. We are intensely grateful to all those who were involved with this. We are immensely thankful to so many colleagues as well as to the readers of the previous edition. Hopefully, the book provokes both positive and negative reactions. Despite many efforts, we accept imperfection in this book if any. As the First edition of Excel dentistry, We genuinely welcome all the readers for any kind of suggestions or any mistakes and We’ll look forward to further improvement which will be deeply cherished. Finally, we extend my heartfelt thanks and acknowledge the pleasure of working with the EXCEL BDS TEAM

Ahmed Khadri Junaid ur Rahman Syed

Excel Dentistry

Excel BDS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, we would like to thank Dr. Ahmed Ullah, Dr. Malik Aqueel, Dr. Ayub, Dr. Khaja Moinuddin for their prop up. We are deeply grateful to my faculty and would like to owe a special note of thanksfor all that today. Under Almighty's guidance and blessings, it's a matter of pleasure to introduce 1st Edition of "Excel Dentistry" We are so thankful to our parents, siblings, and well-wishers whose co-operation, encouragement and support which helped us during the complete preparation of this book. Dr. UmmeGousiya Banu, Dr. Rayeesunnisa Begum and Dr. Mohammed Mukarram deserves special thanks for their continuous support and without any compromise to bring this book. We are thankful to the staff of EXCEL BDS, for their patience and continuous support. Last but not least, we'd like to thank our parents. Lastly, we acknowledge every person who helped us in some of the other ways has inspired us and works hard towards making the quality of this book. Ahmed Khadri Junaid ur Rahman Syed

Excel Dentistry

Excel BDS

CONTENTS S.No. NAME OF THE CHAPTER

Page No.

S.No. NAME OF THE CHAPTER

Page No.

II

PATHOLOGY

1

20.

June 2019................................

72

December 2018........................

7

21.

December 2018......................

77

3.

July 2018...................................

12

22.

July 2018.................................

82

4.

August 2017..............................

16

23.

December 2017.......................

87

5.

December 2017........................

20

24.

August 2017............................

89

6.

June 2016.................................

24

25.

December 2016.......................

94

7.

December 2016........................

29

26.

June 2016................................

97

8.

July 2015...................................

34

27.

December 2015.......................

100

9.

December 2015........................

39

28.

July 2015.................................

101

10.

June 2014.................................

40

29.

December 2014.......................

104

11.

December 2014........................

43

30.

June 2014................................

109

12.

December 2013........................

47

31.

December 2013.......................

113

13.

June 2013.................................

51

32.

June 2013................................

117

14.

December 2012........................

54

33.

December 2012.......................

121

15.

July 2012...................................

58

34.

July 2012.................................

123

16.

July 2011...................................

62

35.

December 2011.......................

126

17.

December 2011.........................

65

36.

July 2011.................................

128

18.

July 2010..................................

67

37.

December 2010.......................

129

19.

December 2010........................

70

38.

July 2010.................................

131

I

PHARMACOLOGY

1.

June 2019.................................

2.

Excel Dentistry

Excel BDS

CONTENTS S.No. NAME OF THE CHAPTER

III

MICROBIOLOGY

39.

July 2019..................................

40.

Page No.

S.No. NAME OF THE CHAPTER

Page No.

IV

DENTAL MATERIALS

132

58.

June 2019................................

246

December 2018........................

144

59.

December 2018.......................

254

41.

July 2018..................................

156

60.

July 2018.................................

263

42.

December 2017........................

164

61.

August 2017............................

269

43.

August 2017.............................

173

62.

December 2017.......................

277

44.

December 2016........................

183

63.

June 2016................................

286

45.

July 2016..................................

86

64.

December 2016.......................

295

46.

December 2015........................

197

65.

July 2015.................................

305

47.

July 2015..................................

204

66.

December 2015.......................

309

48.

December 2014........................

211

67.

December 2014.......................

312

49.

June 2014.................................

216

68.

June 2014................................

317

50.

December 2013........................

223

69.

June 2013................................

321

51.

June 2013.................................

226

70.

December 2013.......................

325

52.

December 2012........................

229

71.

July 2012.................................

328

53.

July 2012..................................

233

72.

December 2012.......................

331

54.

December 2011........................

235

73.

July 2011.................................

333

55.

June 2011.................................

238

74.

December 2011.......................

337

56.

December 2010........................

240

75.

July 2010.................................

343

57.

June 2010.................................

243

76.

December 2010.......................

344

Excel Dentistry

Excel BDS

JULY 2019

Pharmacology

Answers :

JULY- 2019

Q.1Classify Anti-Cholinergic drugs. Discu ss the Ph armacologic al actions, Adverse reactions and Therapeutic uses of Atropine.

LONG ESSAYS (2×10=20Marks) Q.1 Classify Anti-Cholinergic drugs. Discuss the Pharmacological a ct ion s, Ad verse rea c tio ns andTherapeutic uses of Atropine.

Ans. ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS: A.NATURAL ALKALOIDS

Q.2 Classify Penicillin’s. Discuss the Mechanism of action, Adverse reactions and Therapeutic uses Amoxicillin.

• Hyoscine

SHORT ESSAYS(8X5=40Marks)

• Tiotropium bromide

Q.3 Bronchodilators.

• Atropine methonitrate

Q.4 Plasma Protein Binding.

• Hyoscine butyl bromide

Q.5 Pro-Kinetic Agents.

• Homatropine

Q.6 Lignocaine.

• Ipratropium bromide

Q.7 Drugs used in dental Plaque.

C. SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS:

Q.8 Sodium Valproate.

1. ANTIPARKINSONIAN

• Atropine B. SEMISYNTHETIC DERIVATIVES

• Procyclidine

Q.9 ACE Inhibitors.

• Trihexyphenidyl

Q.10 Tetracycline’s. SHORT ANSWERS

• Biperiden

(5X2=10Marks)

2. VASICOSELECTIVE

Q.11 Name four Anti-fungal agents.

• Tolterodine

Q.12Name four second generation Anti-histaminic.

• oxybutynin

Q.13Vitamin D.

• Flavoxate

Q.14Mention any four contraindications for Corticosteroids.

3. MYDRIATICS

Q.15.Disadvantages of the Oral Route.

• Cyclopentolate

• Tropicamide

4. ANTISECRETORY ANTISPASMODICS a. quaternary compounds • Isopropamide • Propantheline

Excel Dentistry 1

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JULY 2019

Pharmacology

• Tremors are also improved with rigidity in Parkinsonism which occurs by blocking relative cholinergic overactivity in basal ganglia.

• Clidinium • Oxyphenonium • Glycopyrrolate

• In case of toxic doses, the atropine can stimulate the excitatory effects of CN S. Su c h a s r e s t l e s s ne s s , anxietyand hallucinations etc.

• Pipenzolate methyl bromide b. Tertiary amines • Pirenzipine

C ha n ge s o n g ast ro in t est in a l system:

• Dicyclomine • Valethamate

• Atropine affects the tone and motility of all parts of gastrointestinal tract by decreasing it.

ATROPINE • The alkaloids namely atropine is derived from Atropa belladonna.

• Along with motility the amplitude of contraction and peristaltic wave of stomach and intestines are also decreased.

• Atropine helps in the blockade of muscarinic effects of acetylcholine. • The type of antagonism present between the acetylcholine and atropine is of competitive in nature.

• It also has a very weak antispasmodic action on biliary tract and gall bladder.

Pharmacological Actions:

Changes on other smooth muscles:

• Atropine shows equal blockade of M1, M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors.

• Due to the action of the smooth muscles of bronchi and bronchioles are relaxed resulting in widening of the airways.

Change on cardiovascular system: • Atropine stimulates the vagal center and decreases the heart rate.

• It relieves bronchospasm made by cholinergic agents.

• Tachycardia is observed as there is peripheral vagal block on SA node.

• The drug induced ureteral peristalsis is also decreased along with the tone of the fundus of urinary bladder.

• Atropine decrease blood pressure by peripheral vasodilatation and forming cholinergic agents.

• The tone of trigonal sphincter is enhanced to retain the urine.

Cha ng es on cen tral nervou s system:

Changes on secretions:

• Atropine stimulates the medullary vagal nuclei along with the higher cerebral centers that from the bradycardia to increase the rate and depth of respiration.

• All the body secretions are reduced such as bronchial, lacrimal, Sweat and Salivary, etc. • The gastric secretions are also affected and reduced.

• When the vestibular excitation is getting optimized or depressing, it shows an antimotion sickness effect.

• The pancreatic secretions are not affected. Excel Dentistry 2

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JULY 2019

Pharmacology

diazepam). Initial management must focus on adequate use of atropine. Optimizing oxygenation prior to the use of atropine is recommended to minimize the potential for dysrhythmias.

Changes on eye: • On local administration into the eye, it causes mydriasis occur by blocking the cholinergic nerves that are supplying the smooth muscles of sphincter of the iris.

5. Cardiovascular system:

Atropine can cause cycloplegia.

• The bradycardia and partial heart block in decreased on the use of atropine in patients of myocardial infarction.

Therapeutic uses of Atropine: 1. Antispasmodic: • All types of spasm of smooth muscles of intestinal,urinary and biliary tract are relaxed.

6. As mydriatic: • Mydriasis is made to identify the errors of refraction.

• Given in functional and drug induced diarrhea.

• Mydriasis stimulated to perform fundoscopic examination.

• Gastric secretion is also reduced that helps in peptic ulcer patients.

• Mydriasis is also done in the treatment of iritis and keratitis.

• Sweating: Excessive sweating in tuberculosis and sweating and salivation in parkinsonian patients is reduced.

ADVERSE EFFECTS Difficulty in swallowing and dry mouth

2. CNS disorders: Symptoms such as nausea , vomi ti ng and mot i on sickness are controlled by scopolamine and hyoscine.

Difficulty in micturition and hot skin

• Centrally acting anticholinergic such as trihexyphenidyl is given in cases of Parkinsonism.

Dilated pupil

3. Pre-Operative-anesthetic medication:

Hypotension

Photophobia Blurring vision Excitement Hallucination Convulsion

• Before going for any surgery preoperative anesthetic drugs are given to reduce the salivary and respiratory secretion half an hour before general anesthesia.

Q.2 Classify Penicillin. Discuss the Mechanism of action, Adverse reactions and Therapeutic uses Amoxicillin. Ans. CLASSIFICATION:

• It helps in the prevention laryngospasm.

BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS:

4. In organophosphorus poisoning:

They inhibit growth of bacteria by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis

• The mainstays of medical therapy in organophosphate (OP) poisoning include atropine, pralidoxime (2PAM), and benzodiazepines (E.g:-

1. Beta lactamase Inhibitors:

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JULY 2019

• Clavulanic acid • Tazobactam • Sulbactam

surrounds the bacterial cell. • Peptidoglycan provides strength and rigidity to the bacteria.

2. Natural penicillin: • Benzyl penicillin-also known as penicillin G 3. Semisynthetic penicillins a. Acid resistant alternative to penicillin G • Phenoxymethyl penicillin b. • • •

Penicillinase resistant penicillins Cloxacillin Methicillin Dicloxacillin

4. a. • •

Extended spectrum penicillins Amino penicillins Bacampicillin Ampicillin

Pharmacology

• Penicillin helps in the inhibition of the penicillin binding proteins (PBP) situated on the cell membrane of cell wall. • Few beta lactam antibiotics and Penicillin inhibit bacterial growth by inhibiting a particular step in bacterial cell wall synthesis. Amoxycillin • It is type of -lactam antibiotic that inhibits the growth of microorganism with very little concentration. • Thamoxycillin is also available in water soluble potassium salts and sodium salts.

• Amoxicillin

• Penicillin is active against both the type of gram positive and negative cocci.

b. Ureido penicillins ...