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America Comes of Age Lesson 1 Progressives Drive Reform

Key Terms Progressivism- Movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms Muckraker- Writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in government or business. Lincoln Steffens- A reporter and editor for the New York Post and, later, the muckraking McClure’s magazine. Steffens wrote articles and books exposing government corruption at the state and municipal levels. Jacob Riis- A Danish immigrant who became a New York City newspaper reporter in 1873. In 1888, as the crime reporter for the New York Evening Sun, he took photos of night life in the slums. Published in his 1980 book, How the Other Half Lives, the photos moved New York Police Commissioner Theodore Roosevelt to take up the cause of urban reform Upton Sinclair- Began writing for newspapers and completed several successful novels soon after he graduated college 1897. His most famous, The jungle, was published in 1906. Sinclair continued to write muckraking pieces and in time became active in California politics, running unsuccessfully for governor in 1934. In 1942, he won a Pulitzer Prize for his Dragon’s Teeth. Social Gospel- Reform movement that emerged in the late nineteenth century that sought to improve society by applying Christian principles. settlement house- Community center organized at the turn of the twentieth century to provide social services to the urban poor. Jane Addams- Cofounded Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago, in 1889. She lived and worked out of Hull House for the rest of her life. A pacifist and determined advocate for women’s suffrage, Addams wrote many books and lectured widely. In 1931, she shared the Nobel Peace Prize. direct primary- Election in which citizens themselves cote to select nominees for upcoming elections initiative- Process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot referendum- Process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by a legislature. Recall- Process by which voters can remove elected officials from office before their term ends.

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Seventeenth Amendment- 1913 constitutional amendment that allowed for the direct election of US senators by citizens.

Academic Vocabulary calamity: an event that creates great harm and suffering dynamic: energetic; relating to change or productive activity intensify: to become stronger or more extreme perceive: to notice or become aware of something

Lesson Objectives 1. Identify the causes of Progressivism and compare it to Populism. Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration brought many benefits to America, but they also produced challenging social problems. In response, a movement called Progressivism emerged in the 1890s. Progressives believed that new ideas and honest, efficient government could bring about social justice. 2. Analyze the role that journalists and novelists played in the Progressive Movement. Socially conscious journalists and other writers dramatized the need for reform. Their sensational investigative reports uncovered a wide range of ills afflicting America in the early 1900s.The muckrakers' articles appeared in magazines and newspapers that entered millions of American homes. People across the nation were horrified by the conditions that were revealed to them.

3. Evaluate some of the social reforms that Progressives tackled. Many Protestant leaders followed Rauschenbusch's program. They began to urge the end of child labor and a shorter workweek. They also pushed for the federal government to limit the power of corporations and trusts. A woman named Jane Addams became a leading figure in the settlement house movement. Religious organizations such as the Young Men's Christian Association also provided services to the urban poor. 4. Explain what Progressives hoped to achieve through political reforms.

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Progressive reformers realized that they needed to reform the political process in order to reform society. They would have to free government from the control of political bosses and powerful business interests. They wanted to give people more control over their government and make government more effective and efficient in serving the public. The Progressive Era Begins: Text

1. Summarize What problems did the Progressives see with life in the 1890s? How did they approach these problems? They wanted to bring reforms that would correct what they saw as problems that needed to be fixed. They would do this by encouraging state legislatures and the federal government to create laws that would help fix problems.

2. Compare and Contrast Progressivism stemmed from the Populist movement in the late 1800s. Complete a Venn diagram that shows how the two movements were similar and different. Include information about the people who participated in each movement and the ideals driving each movement.

Populism

Both

Progressivism

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Populists were mainly aggrieved farmers who advocated radical reforms, and wanted to limit the role of government. Consisted of farmers and workers, and believed industrialists and bankers controlled the government and making the policy against the farmers.

Both were based on the people’s dissatisfaction with government and its inability to deal effectively in addressing the problems of the day. The supporters of both these movements had become especially outraged that moneyed special interest groups controlled government, and that the people had no ability to break this control. They soon began to propose a comprehensive platform of political reforms that included women’s suffrage, secret ballots, direct election of U.S.

Progressives were urban, middle-class reformers who wanted to increase the role of governm nt in reform while mainta ning a capitalist economy. Believed that highly educated leaders should use modern ideas and scientific techniques to improve society.

The Impact of Muckrakers: Text

3. Draw Inferences Which of the following do you think was more effective in informing the public of the bad conditions in the inner cities and factories: the muckraker essays by Lincoln Steffens or the photographs by Jacob Riis? Explain. I think both were effective and important but ultimately, i think the photographs by Jacob Riis were more effective because when you actually show people the bad conditions and hardship as opposed to telling them, it is more effective

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4. Analyze Style and Rhetoric Based on the excerpt from McClure’s Magazine, “Corruption and Reform in St. Louis,” how would you describe Lincoln Steffens’s writing style? What language seems especially provocative? Writing style was very bold and strong on how Steffen’s felt.

Reformers Impact Society: Text

5. Draw Conclusions Why do you think that many social workers in the late 1880s were college-educated, middle-class women? They were educated, with strong religious beliefs and wanted to help society.

6. Cite Evidence What role did Christianity play in the Progressive movement? Cite evidence for your answer. Response to the social problems raised by the rapid industrialization, urbanization, and increasing immigration of the Gilded Age.

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7. Assess an Argument The Progressive Era brought changes in how people thought about children’s education. Do you think children should go to school to prepare them to be good workers or to learn how to think creatively? Explain your argument, and then compare your views to John Dewey’s. I think that the children need ot learn to do both because you need working skills to go into a working environment and you need a brain to be able to do tasks and comprehend things.

8. Draw Inferences What issues with factories did the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire bring to light? Explain. Happened over a century ago in New York City, would be relevant today - but it is. It was a tragedy that opened the nation’s eyes to poor working conditions in garment factories and other workplaces, and set in motion a historic era of labor reforms.

Progressive Reforms Impact Government: Text

9. Identify Cause and Effect Why did Galveston, Texas replace its city government with a commission? What were the effects of the commission government? In a city commission government, voters elect a small commission, typically of five to seven members, on a plurality - at - large voting basis. These commissioners constitute the legislative body of the city, and as a group, are responsible for taxation, appropriations, ordinances, and other general functions.

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10. Paraphrase Explain in your own words why some people opposed direct election of senators, a reform that was passed in the Seventeenth Amendment.

The seventeenth Amendment altered the process for electing United States senators and changed the way vacancies would be filled. Originally, the consitution required state legislatures to full senate vacancies.

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