5614 Building Technology I Materials & Methods PDF

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Jonathan Ochshorn - Lecture notes, ARCH 2614/5614 Building Technol...

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Schedules and interior finishes The following is based largely on the United States National CAD Standard, V5, Uniform Drawing System, Module 3 — Schedules. Cornell students can access this document following instructions here.

Schedules contain information about related items such as doors, windows, or room finishes. Where information about such items is best organized in tabular form, schedules can be used. Schedules may contain only text within the tabular fields, or they can contain images/diagrams in cases where such drawings are small enough to easily fit into a tabular format. Otherwise, where related drawings are too big, the schedule can refer to their location within the drawing set. Schedules may appear in the drawing set (in which case their size should be consistent with the drawing block modules established for the set), or they may appear in the specifications (in which case their location is determined by Masterformat numbers). The choice is partly pragmatic—what is easier to do—and partly based on a consideration of what works best in the field (i.e., how useful is it for builders to have access to the schedules as they examine the drawings). Size also matters: if the schedule becomes quite wide, it may need to be included in the drawings just so it can fit on a single page. A schedule has a minimum of four parts: heading (title); mark (identifies the particular item); item description; and distinguishing feature (defining characteristics—there may be several such columns), with this general form: HEADING MARK

ITEM DESCRIPTION

DISTINGUISHING FEATURE

A schedule cannot have only two columns: this would correspond to some sort of list, such as a legend, or a key. A schedule contains at least three columns and often more.

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If the schedule is very wide, with multiple columns of data, it is sometimes useful to repeat the "mark" column on the right side, as shown below HEADING ITEM DESCRIPTION

MARK

DISTINGUISHING DISTINGUISHING FEATURE FEATURE

MARK

A "Notes" column is often useful, when there are lots of distinguishing features, none of which warrants its own column. This column may refer to a legend shown next to the schedule, or may reference other drawings or spec items. In general, it's better to use some sort of "key letter or number" instead of writing out each note—this saves space and makes the schedule easier to read: HEADING ITEM DESCRIPTION

MARK

DISTINGUISHING DISTINGUISHING FEATURE FEATURE

NOTES 1 1, 3 2

Notes Legend 1. Tempered glass in bottom panel 2. Aluminum backsplash 3. See detail 2A5.45

Schedules often need to be a bit more complex, so that an item description or distinguishing feature may well be subdivided into two or more columns: HEADING TITLE

TITLE

MARK

TITLE SUB-TITLE SUB-TITLE SUB-TITLE SUB-TITLE SUB-TITLE

ROW ID

INFO

INFO

INFO

INFO

INFO

INFO

ROW ID

INFO

INFO

INFO

INFO

INFO

INFO

ROW ID

INFO

INFO

INFO

INFO

INFO

INFO

Many different types of schedules can be created for any particular project. The list provided in the National CAD Standard includes things like:

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concrete beam reinforcing door and frame window exterior signage water heater room finish electrical circuit and many others. We will only examine three common schedule types: room finish; door and frame; and window.

Room finish schedule For each room or space in a building, the various floor, wall, and ceiling finishes can be tabulated in a schedule. Examples of floor finishes include carpet, resilient tile, or wood; wall finishes include things like gypsum board (painted), plaster, or wood paneling; ceilings can be made from things like suspended acoustical tile or gypsum board.

Floor, walls, and ceiling in a room (adapted from this image source)

The most common way to distinguish between the various wall surfaces in a typical room is to subdivide the "walls" category into four columns representing north, east, south, and west elevations. Where the building isn't exactly oriented to these cardinal directions, a "plan north" is established on the site plan. Where room geometries are too complex or random to use such a system, you're on your own" figure out something clear and logical for your project. Where finished ceiling heights vary, it is often convenient to include a "height" column under "ceilings," rather than having the ceiling installer figure out such things by looking through sections. Where the ceiling geometry is more complex, it may be necessary to refer to reflected ceiling plans, elevations, or sections to communicate that information. Each project is different, and the drawings, schedules, and specifications should respond to the unique characteristics of each project. ROOM FINISH SCHEDULE ROOM ROOM FLOOR NO. NAME

WALLS

CEILING BASE

N

E

S

W

NOTES MATL HEIGHT

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101

Office

4

1

1, 2

1

1

vinyl

6

8'-2"

8

102

Office

4

1

3

1

1

vinyl

1

8'-0"

7

103

Office

4

1

1, 2

1

1

wood

1

8'-0"

Room Finish Schedule Legend 1. Gypsum board, painted 2. Vinyl wall covering 3. Wood paneling 4. Carpet 5. Ceramic tile 6. Suspended Acoustic Tile 7. See room elevations for panel location 8.See reflected ceiling plan for grid location

Room finish schedule, Lincoln Hall, Cornell Room finish schedule, Lincoln Hall, Cornell

Door and frame schedule There are many ways to identify and describe doors in a project. Each door may be identified with a symbol including keys to its size, type, and material. Alternatively, doors can be identified by the rooms they provide entry to, or they can be individually identified with a door number, or they can be identified with a door type. For any of these models, a schedule can be designed that refers to the chosen mode of designation. Often, there are many variations within a particular "theme," and the schedule can organize these variations without creating redundant elevations or details for each minor variation. For example, an ordinary steel door and frame can have a variant in which a glazing panel is included, or a louver (to allow air to pass through), etc. Doors and frames are typically identified separately, although often within a combined schedule. So, for example, one might have a wooden door in a steel frame—the separate columns for "door" and "frame" organize this information. Details for both doors and frames are also referenced in the schedule, and usually drawn close by. There are two primary types of drawings used: First, door and frame elevations (abbreviated as "EL" in the schedule) show the overall shape and dimensions, although the height and width may be shown as variables on the drawing so that the actual values can be tabulated in the schedule. This allows a single elevation to serve for more than one door or frame variation. Second, detail sections of the various frame types cut at the head, sill, and jamb are drawn—these details are then referenced from the schedule.

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Typical hollow metal door frame (Image sources: left and right)

The fire rating label column is used to identify those door-frame assemblies that require some fire-resistance rating. For example, the Underwriters Laboratiry (UL) labels doors with letter codes: A = 3 hours; B = 1-1/2 hours; and so on. See this chart for examples. The labels are fixed to the edge of each rated door so that the fire rating can be verified in the field. Hardware includes knobs, latches, locksets, hinges, and so forth. It turns out that this is a rather tricky thing to specify, and architects often utilize the services of hardware manufacturers to help out with such specifications. The column for "Keyside Rm No" indicates which of the two spaces on either side of a given door is the "key" side. In many cases, this is obvious (e.g., a room facing a corridor), but in other instances, it might not be clear. This is also something that is increasingly being added within parametric building models (BIM) for doors and frames—so that the schedule can be created automatically from such "intelligent" drawings. Finally, the "notes" column allows the architect to indicate special conditions that are important, but not prevalent enough to warrant a separate column or a separate door/frame type. DOOR AND FRAME SCHEDULE

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DOOR

FRAME

SIZE

LOUVER

MARK

MATL W

HT

EL

THK

GLZ

DETAIL MATL

W

HT

HARDWARE

EL

GLZ HEAD JAMB SILL

FIRE RATINGSET NO

The door and frame elevations are usually quite simple, and often are not explicitly dimensioned.

Examples of door and frame elevations

KEYSIDE NOTES RM NO

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Examples of head, jamb, and sill frame details.

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Door and frame schedule, Lincoln Hall, Cornell.

Door types 6 and 7, Lincoln Hall, Cornell Door types 6 and 7, Lincoln Hall, Cornell.

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Door frame types 1, 2, and 3, Lincoln Hall, Cornell.

Detail showing door frame head detail, Lincoln Hall, Cornell.

For additional information, see the National CAD Standard - V5, Uniform Drawing System, Module 4 (Drafting Conventions), Section 4.3 Sheet Types.

Window schedule Unlike doors, which are identified (keyed in) on floor plans, windows are more commonly identified on building elevations. WINDOW SCHEDULE

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SIZE

DETAIL FIRE

MARK

TYPE WIDTH

HEIGHT

MATL

GLZ

RATING

HEAD

JAMB

SILL

HORIZ

VERT

MULL

MULLION

NOTES

W1 W2 W3

Example of building elevation showing marks for windows (adapted from this image source)

Lincoln Hall example: For this project, there was no window schedule. Instead, window designations were marked on the building elevations, and those elevations were redrawn on a "window" detail sheet along with head, sill, and jamb details.

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Building elevation showing windows and marks, Lincoln Hall, Cornell

Detail of building elevation Lincoln Hall, Cornell Detail of building elevation showing windows, Lincoln Hall, Cornell

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Window elevation on window detail sheet, Lincoln Hall, Cornell

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Detail showing sill for window W3, Lincoln Hall, Cornell (the designation WS refers to "window sill")

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Detail showing sill for window W8, Lincoln Hall, Cornell (the designation WS refers to "window sill")

Partition types Partitions types are not usually defined in a schedule. Instead, typical partition details are organized and numbered on a drawing sheet; these numbers are then keyed into the partitions shown on plans.

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Plan showing partition types, Lincoln Hall, Cornell

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Detail showing partition type 5, Lincoln Hall, Cornell

Detail showing partition type 6, Lincoln Hall, Cornell

Interior finishes Finishes are the visible surfaces (and the materials constituting those surfaces) of floors, walls, and ceilings inside buildings. They can be the same as the building structure, layered directly on top of the structure, or suspended/fastened to/from the structure, as shown schematically below:

Floors Floor finishes include the following: wood, carpet, resilient flooring (vinyl, rubber, linoleum), tile (ceramic, quarry), and other materials (e.g., terazzo, stone, metal).

Substrates for floors The primary substrates for floors are wood (plywood, OSB) and concrete, depending on the structural system of the building, as shown below. Depending on the substrate and the finish material, flooring is generally either adhered (glued) to the substrate, or nailed.

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Raised access flooring Floor finishes can be raised above the structural deck or slab, providing a plenum for running conduit, pipes, and HVAC systems, as shown in the images below:

Linoleum

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Linoleum is a resilient flooring product made from ground cork in linseed oil binder over a burlap backing. It was popular in the 1950s (I took the photo below of our classic linoleum floor at about that time), went out of favor, and is now experiencing a resurgence of interest as a "sustainable" material.

Terazzo Terrazzo is a kind of concrete finish, essentially consisting of fancy aggregate (including recycled glass in epoxy resin) that is ground to reveal the aggregate pattern. Divider strips are used to separate different aggregate or matrix colors, and to serve as control joints. cement or epoxy resin can be used as the binder; best quality cement terrazzo consists of 1/2" top layer over 2-1/2" cementitious underbed ("cushion"). The two layers are separated with paper or plastic and a layer of fine sand; the top layer is ground after curing for about 5-6 days. Epoxy resin matices were first used in 1962; they provide the option of more colors, design flexibility, and 24 hour cure time. They have high compressive strength (3x that of cement) and lighter weight (up to 10x less). No sand cushion is needed; a 3/8" layer is poured directly on concrete or wood substrate. There is less cracking, as the epoxy mix is more resilient than cement; also the material is nonporous, so staining of the surface is much less of an issue than with cement.

Walls Gypsum board is the primary wall finish material, having effectively superseded plaster.

Plaster walls Traditional portland cement plaster (called "stucco" when used outdoors) consists of lime, silica, alumina, and iron (ground from limestone, clay, sand): see notes from concrete. A plaster wall may be formed in three layers: the scratch coat comes first, and engages lath embedded or fastened to the wall structure. This layer really is scratched, so that the next layer, the brown coat, can adhere better. The final (and thinnest) layer is the finish coat, bringing the total thickness to about 3/4" or 1". A scratch coat can be omitted if the next two layers are applied over a gypsum board lath. Modern lath is expanding metal; older lath consisted of parallel strips of wood.

Gypsum board

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Also called drywall, or "sheetrock," (but don't use the latter term, as it is proprietary), gypsum is itself a gray-white mineral compound made of calcium sulfate and water (20% weight is water). When crushed, dried, and ground, it is Plaster of Paris; when mixed with water (and other things) and sandwiched between paper, it is gypsum board. The boards come in 4' x 8' modules like plywood, but when installed professionally are generally obtained in longer sizes to reduce the number of joints that need to be taped and spackled. The panels are screwed into wood or metal studs (nails were formerly used for wooden studs); edges and corners are made straight and strong by applying various types of "beads" made of metal or plastics and then spackling over them. Typical gypsum board thickness is 1/2" or 5/8", but other thicknesses may be required where fire-resistant rated assemblies are called for. In the latter case, the gypsum board type is also somewhat different from the standard product, with a more fire-resistant paper used, and fiberglass fibers embedded in the gypsum matrix to improve the performance of the board in a fire.

As shown in the image above (left), electric and other systems can be run in the stud wall, penetrating as needed in switch or outlet boxes which are then covered with face plates. Screw holes and panel joints are covered with spackling compound in 3 layers; a paper tape is used over joints (and inside corners) to prevent the spackling compound from cracking. Once spackled, the surface is primed and painted. Panels can also be bent to some extent; depending on the radius desired, multiple layers of 1/4" board may need to be used; for large radii, 1/2" thickness can be used. The right image is a project for Disney in Anaheim, CA, designed by Frank Gehry (both photos by J. Ochshorn).

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