A Major Project Report on MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR ENERGY PDF

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A Major Project Report on MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR ENERGY Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING By ARPIT KUMAR JAIN (121113058) NIDHISH BARVE (121113063) NITIN UIKEY (121113057) VIJAY CHOUDHARY (121113013...

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A Major Project Report on MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR ENERGY Revanth Palla 13BEE1112

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A Major Project Report on

MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR ENERGY Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING By ARPIT KUMAR JAIN NIDHISH BARVE NITIN UIKEY VIJAY CHOUDHARY SUYAGYA JAISWAL

(121113058) (121113063) (121113057) (121113013) (121113059)

Under the guidance of Prof . SURESH KUMAR GAWRE

April 2016 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M. P.), INDIA– 462003

STUDENT’S DECLARATION We hereby declare that the work presented in the dissertation entitled “MPPT Based Battery Charging Using Solar Energy ” in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal is an authentic record of our own work under the guidance of Prof Suresh Kumar Gawre. We have submitted the matter embodied in this dissertation for the award of any other degree. Name

Scholar No.

ARPIT KUMAR JAIN

(121113058)

NIDHISH BARVE

(121113063)

NITIN UIKEY

(121113057)

VIJAY CHOUDHARY

(121113013)

SUYAGYA JAISWAL

(121113059)

Sign of students

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the above statements made by us are correct to the best of our knowledge. Supervisor Prof. Suresh Kumar Gawre Department of Electrical Engineering

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Table of Contents STUDENT DECLARATION ........................................................................................................ii CERTIFICATE ...............................................................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................ iii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................v ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 NEED OF RENEWABLE ENERGY.................................................................................. 2 1.2 DIFFERENT SOURCES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ................................................... 2 1.2.1 WIND ENERGY ....................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 SOLAR ENERGY .................................................................................................... 2 1.2.3 SMALL HYDRO POWER ........................................................................................ 3 1.2.4 GEOTHERMAL ........................................................................................................ 3 1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 3 1.4 MOTIVATION.................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER 2 MODELLING AND SIMULATION ................................................................... 5 2.1 PV CELL ............................................................................................................................ 6 2.2 PV MODULE ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 PV ARRAY......................................................................................................................... 6 2.4 MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL ............................................................................................ 6 2.4.1 MODEL OF PV CELL .............................................................................................. 7 2.4.2 MODEL OF MPPT CONTROL ................................................................................ 8 2.4.3 MODEL OF CONVERTER ...................................................................................... 8 2.4.4 COMPLETE MODEL ............................................................................................... 9

CHAPTER 3 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING ..................................................... 12 3.1 OVERVIEW OF MPPT ................................................................................................... 13 3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MPPT TECHNIQUE .................................................................. 13 3.3 DIFFERENT MPPT TECHNIQUE .................................................................................. 15 3.3.1 PERTURBB AND OBSERVE.............................................................................. 15 3.3.2 INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE ..................................................................... 16 3.3.3 S C CURRENT .................................................................................................... 18 3.3.4 O C VOLTAGE .................................................................................................... 18 3.3.3 FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL .................................................................................. 19 3.3.3 NUERAL NETWORK .......................................................................................... 19 3.4 DETAILS OF P AND O TECHNIQUE ............................................................................ 20

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CHAPTER 4 BUCK CONVERTER DESIGN ...................................................................... 21 4.1 BASICS OF CONVERTER ............................................................................................. 22 4.1.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 22 4.1.2 BASIC CONFIGURATION OF BUCK CONVERTER.......................................... 22 4.1.3 NECESSARY PARAMETER OF THE POWER STAGES .................................. 24 4.2 SELECTION OF INDUCTOR AND CAPACITOR ........................................................... 24 4.2.1 INDUCTOR CALCULATION ....................................................................................... 25 4.2.2 CAPACITOR CALCULATION.............................................................................. 26

CHAPTER 5 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT ............................. 27 5.1 COMPONENTS USED IN PROJECT ............................................................................. 28 5.1.1 ARDUINO UNO.................................................................................................... 28 5.1.2 CURRENT SENSOR ........................................................................................... 30 5.1.3 VOLTAGE SENSOR ............................................................................................ 31 5.1.4 MOSFET .............................................................................................................. 31 5.1.5 BATTERY ............................................................................................................. 32 5.1.6 OTHER USEFUL COMPONENTS ...................................................................... 32 5.2 TOOLS REQUIRED ........................................................................................................ 33

CHAPTER 6 PROGRAMMING .............................................................................................. 34 6.1 MATLAB COMMAND FOR MPPT CONTROL SIMULATION ........................................ 35 6.2 BUCK CONVERTER TEST CODE ................................................................................. 36 6.3ARDUINO UNO PROGRAMMING.................................................................................... 37

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE......................................................... 51 7.1 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................. 52 7.2 FUTURE SCOPE ............................................................................................................. 52

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................. 54

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Different solar module…………………………………………………………………………..6 Figure 2.2 MATLAB simulink model of PV cell…………………………………………………………...7 Figure 2.3 MATLAB Simulink model of MPPT control …………………………………………………..8 Figure 2.4 Model of buck converter………………………………………………………………………..8 Figure 2.5 Complete Simulink model………………………………………………………………….…..9 Figure

2.6

I-PV

curve…………………………………………………………………………………….....9

Figure 2.7 V-PV curve ……………………………………………………………………………………..10 Figure 2.8(a) Voltage – Current curve .…………………………………………………………………..11 Figure 2.8(b) Power – Voltage curve ...……………………………………………………………….....11 Figure 3.1 Different MPPT technique………………………………………………………………….... 14 Figure 3.2 Flow chart of P & O algorithm………………………………………………………………...16 Figure 3.3 Flow chart of INC algorithm…………………………………………………………………...17 Figure 3.4 P V curve………………………………………………………………………………………..20 Figure 4.1 Buck converter power stages…………………………………………………………………23 Figure 4.2 Wave form of source current………………………………………………………………….24 Figure 5.1 Arduino Uno board……………………………………………………………………………..28 Figure 5.2 Current sensor ACS 712………………………………………………………………………30 Figure 5.3 Voltage divider circuit………………………………………………………………………….31 Figure 5.4 MPPT based solar charge controller…………………………………………………………31 Figure. 8.1 prototype of hardware implementation……………………………………………………………54

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ABSTRACT The solar energy is converted to electrical energy by photo-voltaic cells. This energy is stored in batteries during day time for utilizing the same during night time. Our aim is to obtain maximum power at the load side from the solar panel. So basic network theorem is applied called maximum power point theorem. Solar energy obtained is in dc form and dc to dc converters are used to use the output of solar voltage to load, it can be either stepped up or stepped down according to requirement. We have used Arduino control board for the duty cycle control of the converter so that required load voltage can be obtained. For this signal from load side is given to the Arduino and Maximum Power Point is obtained using P&O technique. At this MPP, Battery as a load is charged and solar energy is stored in the battery. This stored energy can be used either directly in the dc form or converted to ac with the help of inverter. Various MPPT techniques are utilized for the tracking of MPPT but here we have we have P&O technique. MPPT algorithm is an important process to ensure the best utilization of the PV panels. Maximum power point tracking of solar module aiming to improve conversion efficiency of solar module. Various tracking algorithms are available for this purpose. To implement these techniques required sensing of the panel voltage, panel current, battery voltage, battery current. Sensing the voltage is easy and can be made with very less cost. For current sensing standard Hall-Effect current sensor generally used in the MPPT algorithm.

vi

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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1.1 NEED OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

A developing country requires more energy. Nowadays, most of the energy supplied by fossil fuels such as diesel, coal, petrol, and gas is 80% of our current energy. On top of this energy demand is expected to grow by almost half over the next two decades. Plausibly this is causing some fear that our energy resources are starting to run out, with disturbing consequences for the global economy and global quality of life. Increasing demand of energy results in two main problem climate change and energy crisis. The global energy demand increases, the energy related greenhouse gas production increases. It is a global challenge to reduce the CO2 emission and offer clean, sustainable and affordable energy. The worldwide increasing energy demand Energy saving is one cost effective solution, but does not tackle. Renewable energy is a good option because it gives a clean and green energy, with no CO2 emission. Renewable energy is defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally refilled on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.[10]

1.2 DIFFERENT SOURCES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 1.2.1 Wind Energy The wind turbine can be used to harness the energy from the airflow. Now a day’s wind energy can be used from 800 kW to 6 MW of rated power. Science power output is the function of the wind speed; it rapidly increases with increase in wind speed. In recent time have led to airfoil wind turbines, which is more efficient due to better aerodynamic structure.

1.2.2 Solar Energy Solar energy is profusely available that has made it possible to harvest it and utilize it properly. Solar energy can be a standalone producing system or can be a grid connected generating unit depending on the availability of a grid nearby. Thus it can be used to produce power in rural areas where the availability of grids is very low. Solar energy is form of energy that directly available from sun and convert in to electrical energy, which is best form of energy without any climatic change and energy crisis. This conversion can be achieved with the help of PV cell or with solar power plants.[1]

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1.2.3 Small Hydro Power Hydropower energy generates power by using a dam or diversion structure to alter the natural flow of a river or other body of water. This energy can be used by conversion the water stored in dam into electrical energy using water turbines. Hydropower, as an energy supply, also provides unique benefits to an electrical system. First, when stored in large quantities in the reservoir behind a dam, it is immediately available for use when required. Second, the energy source can be rapidly adjusted to meet demand instantaneously.

1.2.4 Geothermal Geothermal energy is available in form of thermal energy from heat stored inside the earth. In this steam produced from reservoirs of hot water found a couple of miles or more below the Earth's surface. This energy comes from the decay of radioactive nuclei with long half-lives that are embedded within the Earth, some energy is from residual heat left over from Earths formation and rest of the energy comes from meteorite impacts.

1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW Solar power is one of the renewable energy resource that will hopefully lead us away from coal dependent and petroleum dependent energy resource. The major problem with photovoltaic charging system is that the energy conversion efficiency of solar panel is poor and high cost. Solar panels themselves are quite not efficient in their ability to convert sunlight to energy. The study shows that solar panel convert 35-45% of energy incident on into electrical energy. So our aim is how to decrease the overall cost and energy conversion efficiency of solar panel. To store solar energy charging system is also required to efficiently charge battery with lesser charging time. A Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm is required to increase the efficiency of the solar panel. The most commonly known are [1] hill-climbing, [2] fractional open circuit voltage control, [3] perturb and observe(P&O), [4] incremental conductance(INC), [5] Neural network control, [6] fuzzy control based etc. These algorithms are varying due to simplicity, effectiveness, merging speed, sensor required and cost. The most commonly algorithm based on current and voltage sensing incremental conductance (INC) and perturb and observe (P&O) is used to track maximum power point (MPP) due to its simplicity, effectiveness & merging speed. Under abruptly change in irradiation level as MPP, changes continuously, P & O receipts 3

it as a change in MPP due to perturbation rather than that of irradiation and sometimes ends up in calculating incorrect MPP. However, this problem gets avoided by an incremental conductance method in case of the incremental conductance method algorithm takes two sample of voltage and current to calculate MPP. However, due to higher efficiency, complexity of incremental conductance algorithm. This MPPT algorithm combines with battery charging loop to charge lead acid battery with different charging stage like constant current, constant voltage, float charge. So optimal is charging pattern design to charge Lead acid battery with three different charging stages that are constant current, constant voltage and float charging. This charging pattern of battery efficiently charge battery with lesser charging time.[10] Implementation cost of this pattern very high because both are used voltage and current sensing device. Voltage sensing directly obtain by connecting voltage divider circuit across the panel and directly apply to the microcontroller, but current sensing require current sensor connected between panel and DC-DC converter. Generally, current sensor used for MPP high efficient LEM current sensor. Due to high cost current sensor and other device make up so PV charging system cost effective. Our aim is to design charging pattern so that abstract maximum power from solar module and efficiently charge battery with lesser charging time with low implementation cost.[2]

1.4 MOTIVATION Solar energy is one source of power generation that independent away from petroleum and coal dependent energy resource. The major problem with solar energy is conversion efficiency poorer and high installation cost. Research going into this area to develop the efficient control mechanism and provide better control. So the overall installation cost of photovoltaic charging system reduces. The challenging research work going on in this area is the motivation behind the project.

1.5 OBJECTIVE Our objective is to hardware implement the MPPT technique to obtain maximum output power from solar module. Also to first simulate the same in MATLAB and obtain the desired results.

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CHAPTER 2

MODELLING AND SIMULATION

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2.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL A photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell is a semiconductor device that converts light to electrical energy by photovoltaic effect. If the energy of photon of light is greater than the band gap then the electron is emitted and the flow of electrons creates current. However a photovoltaic cell is different from a photodiode. In a photodiode light falls on n-channel of the semiconductor junction and gets converted into current or voltage signal but a photovoltaic cell is always forward biased.

2.2 PV MODULE Usually a number of PV modules are arranged in series and parallel to meet the energy requirements. PV modules of different sizes are commercially available. For example, a typical small scale desalination plant requires a few thousand watts of power.

2.3 PV ARRAY A PV array consists of several photovo...