Alminar Laboratory 2 Circuits 1 PDF

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Laboratory Experiment 2 in Circuits 1
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UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST-CALOOCAN 106 Samson Rd., Caloocan City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Laboratory Work No. 2

Series Circuits and Parallel Circuits

NEE 2104 – 1CPE Subject & Section

ALMINAR, ALLAN CHRISTIAN T. Student Name 20151113165 Student Number Engr. Sinforoso D. Cimatu, Jr. Faculty Name

FEB 4, 2021 Date Performed

FEB 4, 2021 Date of Submission

I.

INDTRODUCTION

It is possible to connect two-terminal components and electrical networks in series or in parallel. The resulting electrical network will have two terminals, and a series or parallel topology will participate on its own. Whether an electrical component or an electrical network is a two-terminal entity is a matter of perspective. The "part" will be used in this article to refer to a two-terminal entity involved in series/parallel networks. In a single electrical path, components connected in series are connected, and each component has the same current through it, equal to the current through the network. The voltage is equal to the sum of the voltages for each component across the network. Parallel-connected components are connected along many paths, and each component has the same voltage through it, equal to the network-wide voltage. The current through the network through each factor is equal to the sum of the currents. Except for exchanging the function of voltage and current, the two preceding statements are equivalent. A circuit consisting solely of series-connected components is known as a series circuit; one connected entirely in parallel is also known as a parallel circuit. Many circuits, along with other configurations, may be analysed as a mixture of series and parallel circuits. The current flowing through each of the components is the same in a series circuit, and the voltage across the circuit is the sum of the individual voltage drops across each component. The voltage in each of the components is the same in a parallel circuit, and the total current is the sum of the currents that pass through each component. Consider a very basic circuit consisting of a 12-volt automobile battery and four light bulbs. If a wire attaches the battery to one bulb, to the next bulb, to the next bulb, to the next bulb, and then, in one continuous loop, back to the battery, it is said that the bulbs are in series. If each bulb in a separate loop is connected to the battery, it is said that the bulbs are parallel. The same current flows through all of them if the four light bulbs are connected in sequence, and the voltage drop is 3-volts for each bulb, which might not be enough to make them glow.

II.

WIRING CIRCUITS

Figure 2.5 Schematic diagram for series circuit connection

Figure 2.6 Schematic diagram for parallel circuit connection

III.

DATA AND COMPUTATION

Table 2.1 Voltage-Current Relations in a Series Circuit VT

AT

PT

V1

V2

V3

P1

P2

P3

Trial

(volts )

(mA)

(mW)

(volts)

(volts)

(volts)

(mW)

(mW)

(mW)

1 2 3 4

3 6 10 12

4 8 13.333 16

12 48 133.33 192

800 1.6 2.667 3.2

1.2 2.4 4 4.8

1 -2 -3.333 -4

3.2 12.8 35.55 614.4

4.8 19.2 53.33 921.6

1 -16 -44.44 -768

Trial 1 : Power Total: 3V x 4mA = 12mW P1: 800V x 4mA =3.2mW P2: 1.2 V x 4mA = 4.8 mW P3: 1V x 4mA = 4mW Trial 2: Power Total: 6V x 8mA = 48mW P1: 1.6 V x 8mA = 12.8mW P2: 2.4 V x 8mA = 19.2mW P3: -2V x 8mA = -16mw Trial 3: Power Total: 10V x 13.333mA = 133.33mW P1: 13.333mA x 2.667V = 35.55mw P2: 13.333mA x 4V = 53.33mW P3: 13.333mA x -3.333V = -44.44mW

Trial 4: Power Total: 12V x 16 mA = 192mW P1: 192mA x 3.2V = 614.4mW P2: 192mA x 4.8V = 921.6mW P3: 192mA x -4V = -768mW

Table 2.2 Voltage-Current Relations in a Parallel Circuit Total Voltage, VT : 10 Volts Trial

Resistor Connection

Total Current AT (mA)

A4

1 2 3

R4 R4 //R5 R4 //R5 //R6

20 30 20

20 20 20

Branch Currents (mA) A5 A6 0 10 10

0 0 5

Exercise 1: For all trials of Run 1, compute for the total power and the power in every resistor in the circuit using the measured values of voltage and current. Trial 1 : Power Total: 3V x 4mA = 12mW P1: 800V x 4mA =3.2mW P2: 1.2 V x 4mA = 4.8 mW P3: 1V x 4mA = 4mW Trial 2: Power Total: 6V x 8mA = 48mW P1: 1.6 V x 8mA = 12.8mW P2: 2.4 V x 8mA = 19.2mW P3: -2V x 8mA = -16mw

Trial 3: Power Total: 10V x 13.333mA = 133.33mW P1: 13.333mA x 2.667V = 35.55mw P2: 13.333mA x 4V = 53.33mW P3: 13.333mA x -3.333V = -44.44mW Trial 4: Power Total: 12V x 16 mA = 192mW P1: 192mA x 3.2V = 614.4mW P2: 192mA x 4.8V = 921.6mW P3: 192mA x -4V = -768Mw

Exercise 2: For Run2, complete the values of the current in Table 2.2 in all trials by applying the current equation AT = A4 + A5 + A6

Voltage-Current Relations in a Parallel Circuit Total Voltage, VT : 10 Volts Trial

Resistor Connection

Total Current AT (mA)

A4

1 2 3

R4 R4 //R5 R4 //R5 //R6

20 30 20

20 20 20

Branch Currents (mA) A5 A6 0 10 10

0 0 5

IV.

ANSWER TO QUESTIONS AND SOLUTION TO PROBLEMS

1. Why is the equivalent resistance of a series circuit larger than any of the individual resistance in the connection?



Equivalent resistance of a circuit connected in series is the sum of individual resistors. So when you compare, the equivalent resistance is much greater than the individual resistors.

2. Why is the equivalent resistance of a parallel circuit smaller than any of the individual resistance in the connection?



Additionally, resistors placed in parallel circuit do not drop voltage (gain resistance) as much as resistors placed in series, since current is not distributed equally through resistors placed in parallel arrangement. For this reason, a proportional method must be used under the Kirchhoff loop voltage rule (all voltage drops total voltage supply) in order to sum an equivalent series voltage out of a given parallel circuit.

3. Why is there a common current in a series circuit?



In a series circuit, the amount of current through any component in the circuit is the same. This is because there is only one path in a series circuit for current flow.

4. How will the voltage divide in a series circuit when the resistance units have (a) equal resistances (b) unequal resistances?



Series resistors carry the same current, but as determined by Ohm's Law (V = I* R), the voltage drop across them is not the same as their individual resistance values will generate distinct voltage drops across each resistor. Voltage dividers are then series circuits.

5. How will the current divide in a parallel circuit when the resistance units have (a) equal resistances (b) unequal resistances?



A equal resistances. two or more electrical devices in a circuit can be connected by series connections or by parallel connections. When all the devices are connected using parallel connections, the circuit is referred to as a parallel circuit. In a parallel circuit, each device is placed in its own separate branch. The presence of branch lines means that there are multiple pathways by which charge can traverse the external circuit.

6. What will happen if a break occurs in a series circuit? How about in a parallel circuit?



In a parallel circuit, the components on separate branches continue to operate whether a lamp breaks or a component is removed from one parallel cable. And, in comparison to a series circuit, if you add more lamps in parallel, the lamps remain light.

7. Three loads X, Y and Z are all connected in parallel to a 125 volt DC source. Load X has a resistance of 5 ohms while load Y takes 5 kW of power and load Z draws 60 amps of current. Calculate the following

8. resistance of load Y and load Z, RY and RZ ;

9. b) power taken by load X and load Z, PX and PZ ;

10. c) current drawn by load X and load Y, IX and IY ; and

11. d) total current, total power and total resistance, IT, PT and RT.

V.

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Table 2.1 Voltage-Current Relations in a Series Circuit VT

AT

PT

V1

V2

V3

P1

P2

P3

Trial

(volts )

(mA)

(mW)

(volts)

(volts)

(volts)

(mW)

(mW)

(mW)

1 2 3 4

3 6 10 12

4 8 13.333 16

12 48 133.33 192

800 1.6 2.667 3.2

1.2 2.4 4 4.8

1 -2 -3.333 -4

3.2 12.8 35.55 614.4

4.8 19.2 53.33 921.6

1 -16 -44.44 -768

In this table we learn how to measure the current for each voltage and to compute the for each resistor. RLC series circuits consist of a resistance, capacitance and inductance linked in series through an alternating supply So far, we have shown that when linked to a sinusoidal alternating supply, the three fundamental passive components of: resistance, inductance, and capacitance have very different phase relationships with each other.

In a series resistor network, the individual resistors combine to give the series combination an equal resistance (RT). Without affecting the total resistance, current, or power of each resistor or circuit, the resistors in a series circuit may be interchanged. In the next Resistors tutorial, we will look at parallel connecting resistors together and demonstrate that the total resistance is the reciprocal number of all the resistors added together and that a parallel circuit is normal to the voltage.

Table 2.2 Voltage-Current Relations in a Parallel Circuit Total Voltage, VT : 10 Volts Trial

Resistor Connection

Total Current AT (mA)

A4

1 2 3

R4 R4 //R5 R4 //R5 //R6

20 30 20

20 20 20

Branch Currents (mA) A5 A6 0 10 10

0 0 5

In this table we learn how to measure the current in every resistor. Also you can realize that in parallel circuit the current will go down if that two or more than parallel circuit It was stressed that the act of adding more resistors to a parallel circuit leads to less total resistance being the very unexpected consequence. Since there are several pathways through which charge can flow, adding another resistor in a separate branch provides another pathway through which to direct charge inside the circuit through the main resistance field. This reduced resistance resulting from increasing the number of branches would increase the rate at which charge flows will increase (also known as the current).

VI. Findings and Conclusions 1. I therefore conclude that In a series circuit, all components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow.

2. In a parallel circuit, all components are connected across each other, forming exactly two sets of electrically common points.

3. A “branch” in a parallel circuit is a path for electric current formed by one of the load components (such as a resistor).

4. Both components are linked between the same two sets of electrically common

points by simple parallel circuits, providing several paths for the current to pass from one end of the battery to the other.

5. It is important to understand the basic and function of series and parallel to understand the whole subject.

VII. REFERENCES

Resnick, Robert; Halliday, David (1966). "Chapter 32". Physics. Volume I and II (Combined international ed.). Wiley. LCCN 66-11527. Smith, R. J. (1966). Circuits, Devices and Systems (International ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 21. LCCN 66-17612. Costanzo, Linda S. Physiology. Board Review Series. Ellerman, David Patterson (1995-03-21). Ellerman, David Patterson (May 2004) [1995-03-21]. "Introduction to Series-Parallel Duality" University of California at Riverside. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.90.3666. Archived from the original on 2019-08-10. Retrieved 2019-08-09. Williams, Tim (2005). The Circuit Designer's Companion. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-75066370-7. Grotz, Bernhard (2018-01-04), "Strömungswiderstand", Mechanik der Flüssigkeiten (in German)...