Animal testing - its about assignment 1 PDF

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its about assignment 1...

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PREPARATION OUTLINE (INFORMATIVE SPEECH)

Name: NURUL FATIHAH BINTI MOHD BAHARI ID

: 2019219618

Group : BA2433O Title : Animal research benefit us General Purpose : To inform my audience about how animal research can benefit humans Central Idea fields.

: Animal research helps humans in many areas such as medical and military

INTRODUCTION

i.

Animal research refers to the experimentation carried out on animals. It is used to assess the safety and effectiveness of everything from medication to cosmetics, as well as understanding how the human body works. Look at these images. It shows that human and animal are pretty similar in terms of their organs. – Attention getter Animals like mice and monkeys have the same organs such as heart, lungs, brain and also their organ systems such as respiratory, cardiovascular and nervous systems which perform the same functions in pretty much the same way like human. Based on this pie chart, it shows that 60% of animal research procedure does not give a pain to the animal thus there are no anesthesia needed. However, only 7% of this animal research give some pain to animal but no anesthesia needed. It shows that most of the procedure happened did not harm the animal – Stating established facts Though many people against this action, the animal research done in order to give benefit to human either for medical or military fields. – Central idea (thesis)

ii. iii.

iv.

v.

(Transition: Let’s move on to why animals being used in medical research.)

BODY I.

Scientists use animals for medical research in order to develop treatments for humans. A. According to Gallup poll from National Anti-Vivisection Society, it shows that about 54% of American people thinks that medical testing on animals are acceptable compared to unacceptable which about is 43% only. - Analysis B. According to the AnimalResearch.Info , there are many benefits of why animal research happened in medical fields. 1. As models to study disease. Humans and animals share hundreds of illnesses, and animals can act as models for the study of human illness. For example, dogs suffer from cancer, diabetes, cataracts and ulcers which make them natural candidates for the research. From such models we learn how disease affects the body, how the immune system responds, who will be affected, and many more. 2. To develop and test potential forms of treatment. Once researchers learn more about a particular disease, animals are used to develop and test these potential therapies as part of the applied research

process. Data from animal studies is essential before new techniques and surgical procedures can be tested on human patients. (Transition: Now let’s talk about why are these animals used for military defense.) II.

Animal testing in military defense does not gain much attention from the public compared to animal testing on cosmetic. According to aboutanimaltesting.co, there are a few reasons why animal used research for the military purpose. 1. Improve Surgical Techniques. Bleeding is one of the major causes of death in war and the improvement of surgical techniques and other methods to stop bleeding are important to preserving the life of the military. Though animals are used for the improvement of surgical techniques, pain relievers and anesthetic will be used in the surgery. 2. Create Vaccines. Creating vaccines is another aspect of animal testing that relate to military defense. The potential for soldiers to be exposed to numerous diseases, are high. Thus, this has led the efforts to develop appropriate vaccines using animal models.

CONCLUSION I. II.

Many humans are benefited from animal research. Animal research is done in order to improves human health and also strengthen the military defense - Summary 1. A public education in social media about why animal research is done should be made in order to educate the people about the benefit from it. - Recommendation 2. Though animal used are important in many researches, we still should not normalize about the animal suffering – Recommendation III. Even we cannot deny the fact that many humans are benefited from this animal research in those fields – Reinforce central idea IV. There must be a new discovery at the end of the day where we can minimize the usage of animal or not used entirely.

References Gallup Poll: More Americans Support Medical Testing on Animals. (2018, June 06). Retrieved October 31, 2020, from https://www.navs.org/gallup-poll-americans-supportmedical-testing-animals/

Johnson, S. (2019, November 22). What Is the Purpose of Animal Testing? Retrieved October 31, 2020, from https://sciencing.com/purpose-animal-testing-6552791.html

Murnaghan, I. (2017, November 14). Retrieved October 31, 2020, from http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/animal-tests-military-defence.html

Murnaghan, I. (2020, July 7). Retrieved October 31, 2020, from http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/what-animal-testing.html

Read the four main reasons why animals are used in medical research. (2014 November 4). Retrieved November 03, 2020, from http://www.animalresearch.info/en/designingresearch/why-animals-are-used/

The Animal Model. (2018, April 05). Retrieved October 31, 2020, from https://speakingofresearch.com/facts/the-animal-model/

US Statistics. (2020, February 11). Retrieved October 31, 2020, from https://speakingofresearch.com/facts/statistics/

Murnaghan, I. (2020, July 7). Retrieved October 31, 2020, from http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/what-animal-testing.html

What is Animal Testing?

Animal testing is a phrase that most people have heard but are perhaps still unsure of exactly what is involved. Whether it is called animal testing, animal experimentation or animal research, it refers to the experimentation carried out on animals. It is used to assess the safety and effectiveness of everything from medication to cosmetics, as well as understanding how the human body works. While supporters believe it is a necessary practice, those opposed to animal testing believe that it involves the torture and suffering of animals. Understanding Animal Testing Animal testing is conducted virtually everywhere and its uses are broad. In the UK, standards are quite strict with regards to animal testing and monitoring is similarly rigorous. Animal testing only occurs if there is no other viable alternative to the methods. Animal testing may take place at: 

Universities

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Medical schools

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Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies

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Military defence establishments

Using Animal Testing Animal testing is used for countless products and applications. Everything from toiletries to medications have likely been tested on animals at some point prior to their distribution. Some of the products that commonly involve animal testing are: 

Cosmetics

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Drugs

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Food additives

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Supplements

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Household products

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Pesticides

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Industrial chemicals

Animal Testing for Medical Treatments Virtually every available medical treatment today has, to some degree, involved animal testing. The animals themselves may be bred specifically for testing or they may be captured in the wild. There are also commercial establishments that sell animals specifically for use in animal testing facilities. Animals are considered to be similar to humans in terms of assessing safety, which means that there are strict requirements for testing on animals with regards to new drugs. In the UK, for example, a new drug must have been tested on two different species of live mammal. However, those who are opposed to animal testing and view it as an unnecessary infliction of suffering cite that the stress an animal experiences will impact the accuracy of the results, rendering them useless. For now, however, animal testing is required before drugs and some other products are available for consumer use.

The Animal Model. (2018, April 05). Retrieved October 31, 2020, from https://speakingofresearch.com/facts/the-animal-model/

The Animal Model Biological similarity of humans and other animals Although humans and animals (technically “non-human animals”) may look different, at a physiological and anatomical level they are remarkably similar. Animals, from mice to monkeys, have the same organs (heart, lungs, brain etc.) and organ systems (respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous systems etc.) which perform the same functions in pretty much the same way. The similarity means that nearly 90% of the veterinary medicines that are used to treat animals are the same as, or very similar to, those developed to treat human patients. There are minor differences, but these are far outweighed by the similarities. The differences can give important clues about diseases and how they might be treated – for instance, if we knew why the mouse with muscular dystrophy suffers less muscle wasting than human patients, this might lead to a treatment for this debilitating and fatal disorder. At a physiological and anatomical level, humans and other animals are remarkably similar We share approximately 99% of our DNA with mice (1), and moreover, we can use “knockout” mice to work out what effect individual human genes have in our body. We do this by “turning off” one of the genes in a mouse, common to a human, and seeing what effect this has on the mouse. By recreating human genetic diseases in this way we can begin to look for treatments.

Read the four main reasons why animals are used in medical research. (2014 November 4). Retrieved November 03, 2020, from http://www.animalresearch.info/en/designingresearch/why-animals-are-used/

Why Animals are Used Animals are used in research when there is a need to find out what happens in the whole, living body, which is far more complex than the sum of its parts. It is difficult, and in most cases simply not yet possible, to replace the use of living animals in research with alternative methods. There are four main reasons why animals are used in research: To advance scientific understanding Adding to scientific knowledge through basic biological research helps us understand how living things work, and apply that understanding for the benefit of both humans and animals. The study of animals is a vital part of this research process. Many basic cell processes are the same in all animals, and the bodies of animals are like humans in the way that they perform many vital functions such as breathing, digestion, movement, sight, hearing and reproduction. To treat disease, doctors and scientists must understand how the healthy body works. This, in turn, leads to an understanding of what happens to the body when we fall ill and how this can be put right. A great deal of the knowledge of the body's anatomy and functions can be traced to scientific findings from animal research. Comparing different species and studying the differences and similarities between them is one way to gain insights. Even simple animals can be used to study complex biological systems such as the nervous or immune systems, which follow the same basic organisation and function in all animals.For example, much has been learnt about the function of neurons from studying the giant squid axon.Information from this sort of work can then be applied to higher animals and humans. As models to study disease Humans and animals share hundreds of illnesses, and consequently animals can act as models for the study of human illness. For example, rabbits suffer from atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), as well as diseases such as emphysema, and birth defects such as spina bifida.

Dogs suffer from cancer, diabetes, cataracts, ulcers and bleeding disorders such as haemophilia, which make them natural candidates for research into these disorders. Cats suffer from some of the same visual impairments as humans. From such models we learn how disease affects thebody, how the immune system responds, who will be affected, and more. While contributing to our understanding of diseases, animal models also enable researchers to explore potential therapies in ways which would be impossible in humans. Studying disease mechanisms in animal models leads directly tothe development of new technologies and medicines that benefit both humans and animals. Animals which are altered to create models of disease are known as induced models. For example, surgery which damages a particular section of the spinal cord in rats gives rise to symptoms like those seen in human patients with similar spinal cord damage. These animal models help researchers understand what happens in the body following this type of damage, and have been used in the development of new therapies. Recent advances in genetic technology have allowed the development of transgenic animals, which have new genes inserted into their DNA, allowing them to develop human diseases which do not naturally affect them. In particular this has allowed mice to model many human diseases which were previously difficult to study. To develop and test potential forms of treatment Once researchers learn more about a particular disease, animals are used to develop and test these potential therapies as part of the applied research process. For example, medicines for Parkinson's disease have been developed using animal models with induced Parkinson's-like symptoms. Models such as these are an essential part of applying biological research to real medical problems, allowing new targets for disease intervention to be identified. Data from animal studies is essential before new therapeutic techniques and surgical procedures can be tested on human patients. Diagnostic tools such as scanners, and implants such as heart pacemakers or artificial hips, are safe and effective only because they were developed and tested in animals. Many surgical techniques, such as open heart surgery and heart transplants, rely on methods and equipment that were developed using animals.

Murnaghan, I. (2017, November 14). Retrieved October 31, 2020, from http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/animal-tests-military-defence.html

Animal Tests in Military Defence Animal testing has been a part of military defence for many decades now, although it is an area that is largely unrecognised and receives little public attention in comparison with other types of animal testing. Military defence uses animal testing for a variety of areas, including the development of weapons and vaccines. The improvement of surgical techniques is also a significant aspect of animal testing for military defence because it allows for better patient outcomes following combat. At the same time, the number of animals used in British military defence experimentation has doubled over the previous five years, leading to animal rights activists calling for investigation into the practice. Developing Weapons and Defensive Tactics The advent of chemical warfare has prompted military defence units to not only test weapons for use if needed but to also test the effects should those same weapons be used against the military or even released into the general public. Some of the tests on animals have involved exposure to nerve agents or gases as well as inducing chemical burns. Animals are also used to predict human damage from explosions and bullets. Pigs are typically used for explosion research while non-human primates are more commonly used to investigate bullet wounds. In addition, sheep and rabbits are used to observe the effects of warfare. The potential for suffering has troubled many people, particularly because military testing tends to be less transparent than other types of testing, although it is still subject to the same stringent regulations for animal testing that exist throughout the United Kingdom (UK). Yet, animal welfare groups and some members of the public still adamantly protest against military testing for weapons development. They believe that killing animals for the improvement of methods to kill humans is unethical and should be banned. Creating Vaccines Creating vaccines is another aspect of animal testing that pertains to military defence. The potential for soldiers to be exposed to numerous diseases, particularly highly lethal and contagious ones, has led to efforts to develop appropriate vaccines using animal models. The

other aspect of vaccine creation involves treatment, where the military examines how to treat disease should it occur on the battlefield. Improving Surgical Techniques Haemorrhaging is one of the major causes of death in war and the improvement of surgical techniques and other methods to stop bleeding are vital to preserving the life of the military. The downside to this type of animal testing, however, is that it is indeed a macabre one to imagine and also one that angers the public. Much of the military testing is done on live animals although whenever possible and appropriate, pain relievers and anaesthetics are used. Controversy Around Animal Testing for Military Defence The area of animal testing for military defence remains a controversial one despite it not being widely publicised and common knowledge in the general public. Animal welfare groups such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in the United States (US) have been active in campaigning against military use of animals for testing in both the US and elsewhere around the world. One aspect of animal testing in the military that is particularly unacceptable to many is that in recent years, more animals were bred than needed in the UK, which meant that a large number of animals were killed and never even used for any testing purposes. It was considered by many to be a needless waste of animal life and it has been argued that measures should be taken to ensure that this does not happen again. For now, however, increased public awareness of military testing on animals will hopefully make the military more transparent and accountable to their actions while allowing them to continue with the testing required to maintain public safety....