Anth101 4 - Lecture notes 4 PDF

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Early in the ethnography, the anthropologist discusses the preparation and methods involved in his fieldwork. - ethnographic authority field notes recorded during participant observation - qualitative data ethnic composition of a community, by percentage - quantitative data text of an interview with a local director of economic development - qualitative data average community income levels, by block - quantitative data can gather quantitative data and reach large numbers of people quickly - survey focuses on power relationships in a community by looking at who people turn to in times of need - social network analysis a conversation wherein a respondent is asked a specific set of questions - interview seeks to understand how a culture has changed over the span of one person's life - life history examines genealogies to identify power relationships - kinship analysis Nancy Scheper-Hughes is identified in the chapter as an engaged anthropologist. Which of the following challenges has she sought to address through her work in Brazil? - child morality

Scheper-Hughes studied causes of and reactions to what she calls "mortal selective neglect" of infants in Brazilian favelas. Her work has led to improvements in child mortality in the areas she has studied. Quality ethnographic writing should include which of the following perspectives? - both emic and etic The etic perspective seeks to understand how local people (the people being studied by the anthropologist. view the world. The emic perspective describes the anthropologist's take on local behavior and beliefs, facilitating cultural comparison (p. 95). All ethnography inherently includes bias from local people and from the anthropologist. Quality ethnographic writing clearly depicts both perspectives, thus helping to clarify bias. The process of fieldwork alters the character of - both the anthropologist and the study community. Which of the following statements about early anthropological investigations is accurate? - The roots of anthropological fieldwork lie in the globalization of the late 1800s. Fieldwork emerged in the late 1800s as the interest in, and ability to study, global cultures grew. Many early anthropologists relied on the reports of others to form their theories and writings about human societies. These anthropologists who did not engage in fieldwork came to be known as "armchair anthropologists." Which statement is at the core of the American Anthropological Association's statement

on ethics? - do no harm You've just spent five hours engaged in participant observation of a ritual feast and dancing in your study community. How should you record your observations - Write detailed field notes as soon as possible. According to Palfrey and Gasser, which of the following terms applies to "a generation of people-including many of you reading this book-born after 1980 who have been raised in the digital age and have spent their entire lives thinking digitally" (page 141)? digital natives New communications technologies have allowed a generation of humans to be increasingly aware of the world around them, whether around campus or around the globe. These new technologies have brought about positive new possibilities for idea sharing, activism, and simply keeping up with acquaintances. At the same time, they have hastened the development of a digital divide, separating those with access to technology and the power it instills from those without the means to acquire it. Dumbledore, a pet Doberman, barks three times every day when the mail carrier comes by the house. Which of the following terms is most applicable to the dog's communication? - call system

Call systems are "sounds and gestures that are prompted by environmental stimuli" Globalization has had many effects on language. Which of the following is an effect of globalization on language around the world? - Language loss is hastened. Increased global interaction has meant that a language is lost, on average, every ten days as languages replace and/or become combined with one another. At the same time, transportation and data recording technologies allow us to preserve endangered languages more easily. How long ago do anthropologists believe language began to emerge? - within the past 150,000 years If you were investigating why the thumbs-up and the "okay" hand signals used in North America are considered rude gestures in certain other cultures, you would be engaging in the study of what? - kinesics "Kinesics, the study of the relationship between body movements and communication, explores all the facial expressions, gestures, and postures that convey messages with or without words" (page 117). In the United States alone, how many languages are spoken? - nearly 400 smallest units of sound that carry meaning on their own - morpheme smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning - phoneme combined set of rules that govern use of a particular language - grammar

rules for forming speech sounds into phrases and sentences - syntax Terms such as participant observation, ethnography, and cultural relativism are part of the anthropologist's - focal vocabulary. Focal vocabulary refers to the "words and terminology that develop with particular sophistication to describe the unique cultural realities experienced by a group of people" (page 121). An oft-cited example is that Inuit peoples use multiple words for different types of snow, whereas, say, people in California use just one. Which of the following is an example of a dialect? Correct! - AA english A dialect is a nonstandard variation of a language. "Linguistic anthropologists and other scholars of language have extensively studied African American English (AAE). The language habits of African Americans in the U.S. are not homogenous but vary according to region, gender, social class, and age, and not all African Americans speak AAE" (page 130). Which of the following is suggested by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? - Different languages create different ways of thinking Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf posited the idea that different languages cause us to see and process the world in different ways. Which of the following would be considered paralanguage? - guttural sound, such as a scream Paralanguage accompanies human language and consists of "an extensive set of noises (such as laughs, cries, sighs and yells) and tones of voice that convey significant information about the speaker" (page 117). Which of the four subfields of anthropology is described in Chapter 4? - linguistic anthropology Which of the theories below sees power differentials between males and females in a society as a foundation for gender-based differences in language? - dominance model The dominance model posits that language demonstrates and maintains gender-based power differentials in society. Other sociolinguists prefer the difference model, which looks to childhood patterns of play and interaction as a source of gender-based differences in language. Which type of linguistics is defined as "the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations" (page 134)? - historical linguistics

Historical linguistics traces the origins of language and the human language continuum,

and also explores how languages continue to evolve today. Which type of linguistics is defined as "the study of the sounds, symbols, and gestures of a language, and their combination into forms that communicate meaning" (page 116)? - descriptive linguistics Descriptive linguistics breaks language down into individual parts that carry meaning Which type of linguistics is defined as "the study of the ways in which culture shapes language and language shapes culture" (page 122)? - sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics examines how language intersects with power and cultural attributes such as age, race, ethnicity, sexuality, gender, and class. Writing assignments in college courses give students opportunities to practice writing in an academic tone. This tone is considered a reflection of the prestige language in vogue in society at a given time. It is also very different from the language you'd use when conversing with others at a party or via text message. What term best describes your ability to navigate these different linguistic situations? - code switching You've decided to create a list of all of the words for names, events, and ideas that exist in the Palauan language. Which of the following are you creating? - lexicon...