Apps and Gow - Witchcraft PDF

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Apps and Gow - Witchcraft...

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L. Apps and A. Gow, Male Witches in Early Modern Europe (2003) Page 26 - Most feminists argue that patriarchy and misogyny were primary causes of witchhunting - Men comprised 20-25% of the total number of executed witches Page 27 - Trevor-Roper contends that it was irrational women, improperly controlled by men, as the cause of the witch hunts: Susan Dewar Amussen, An Ordered Society: Gender and Class in early Modern England (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988) Page 29 - Midelfort: men were accused of witchcraft, sometime in large numbers, but this happened only when a witch-hunt spiraled into a mass panic and the normal stereotype of the female which broke down Page 33 - Monter’s study of Normandy is exciting because it offers concentrate evident that early modern beliefs about witches were not necessarily sex-specific: both men and women were searched for Devil’s makes with men as likely as women to display such anesthetic spots Page 35 - Demonological literature is a major source for the assumption that witch-hunting was primarily about persecuting women - Some historians blame witchcraft treaties, especially the malleus maleficarum of 1487, for the gender bias of witch0hunts that targeted women more often than men Page 36 - A conceptual affinity between witchcraft and women made it literally unthinkable… that witches should be male: Clark, Thinking With Demons, 112 - This affinity derived, her argued from the binary structure of early modern European thinking, which classified everything according a dual symbolic system - Within this system, the male/female polarity was a primary, hierarchically weighted form of symbolic differentiation Page 38 - Feminists: do not consider the persecution of men to be as important as the oppression of women, and therefore the male witch does not carry the same symbolic power for them as the female witch does Page 45 - Iceland 1625-1685: 92% male - Scotland 1560-1709: 16% male - Very diverse data sets - For a phenomena described as the exemplification of ‘men’s inhumanity to women’, there is a suspiciously large number of cases against men: 2,298 in this sample: Joseph Klaits, Servants of Stan: The Age of the Witch Hunts (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1985), p.85.

Page 47 - Macfarlane noted that Essex witches were usually women, and found that twentythree men accused, ‘eleven were either married to an accused witch or appeared in a joint indictment with a woman’: Macfarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England Page 48 - Supported by Joseph Klaits who asserts that ‘many of the accused men were implicated solely due to their connection with female suspects’: Joseph Klaits, Servants of Stan: The Age of the Witch Hunts (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1985), p.52. Page 52 - Stoeckhlin’s accusation initiated a series of trials that resulted in the executions of 25 people. Although both men and women were accused, during the course of the trials, all of these executed in the district of Rettenberg, except for Stoeckhlin, were women: Wolfgang Behringer, Shaman of Oberstdorf: Chonrad Stoeckhlin and the Phantoms of the Night, trans, H.C. Erik Midelfort (Charlottesville, VA: Virginia University Press, 1998) p.114. Page 53 - Reflects a simple anti-female dynamic. Several women were burned at the stake on the world of a man, and those men who were also accused managed to escape the fire Page 57 - During the famous Salem trials of 1692, six men were hanged as witches. Of these, four were related to female witches, and thus their cases support the generalization that men were secondary targets of accusations...