Articulations Review Guide PDF

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Study guide before one of the exams ...

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Ar ticula tions R eview Guide Articula ticulations Re Name: _______________________________________________

Section: ________

Directions: You will learn best if you WRITE OUT THE QUESTIONS AND A ANSWERS NSWERS ON SEPARA SEPARATE TE SHEETS OF PA PAPER!!! PER!!! 1. What is another name for a joint in the human body? -articulation 2. List AND describe the functions of joints in the human body. -hold bones together and to allow mobility 3. List AND describe the functional classifications of joints. Make sure to include examples of where in the human boy each type is found. -synarthrosis- immovable joints (ex. Sutures in skull) -amphiarthoses- slightly moveable joints (ex. Intervertebral discs, ribs) -diarthroses- freely moveable joints (ex. Shoulder, hips, knees, elbow, etc) 4. List AND describe the structural classification of joints. -material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) 5. Describe a fibrous joint. List AND describe the three types of fibrous joints. Make sure to include a few example o off where in the body you might find each type of fibrous joint. -fibrous joints have no joint cavity, bones joined by fibrous tissue and the amount of movement depends on length of connective fibers. MOST IMMOVABLE (sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses) -sutures: (“seams”) – only between bones of skulls, at full growth fibrous tissue ossifies and skull bones fuse together -syndesmoses -bones connected by a ligament, can have little to considerable movement (ex. Distal ends of tibia and fibula -short- immoveable, interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna is long enough to permit rotation in the radius) -gomphosis (“peg-in-socket”) (ex. Tooth with its bony socket “nailed in”) periodontal ligament very short 6. Describe a cartilaginous joint. List AND describe the two types of cartilaginous joints. Make sure to include a few example of where in the body yo you u might find each type of cartilaginou cartilaginouss joint. -cartilaginous joints are articulating bones connected by cartilage. They lack a joint cavity. (synchondroses and symphysis) -synchondroses (all immovable) -a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones (ex. Epiphyseal plates- connecting diaphysis and epiphysis of long bone – temporary joints – at adult growth, they ossify -Manubrium of sternum -symphysis: articular surfaces of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage which is fused to fibrocartilage (shock absorber) – limited movement (slightly moveable) (ex. Intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis) 7. List AND describe the features/structures of a synovial joint.. Don’ Don’tt just copy this from your notes. Simplif Simplify y the material and put it into your own words!  Draw a picture if it helps! -synovial joints are articulating bones that are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity. They are freely moveable and have 5 distinguishing features. (articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments) -articular cartilage: glassy smooth (hyaline) covers opposing bone surfaces -spongy cushions absorbs compression and keeps bone ends from being crushed (spongy bone) -joint (synovial) cavity: potential space, contains small amount of synovial fluid -articular capsule: 2 layered capsule that encloses the joint cavity -external layer: fibrous capsule that encloses the joint cavity -external layer: fibrous capsule- dense irregular connective tissue (continuous with periosteum of bone) -strengthens joint so bones aren’t

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pulled apart – inner layer: synovial membrane- loose connective tissue -covers all internal joint surfaces that aren’t hyaline cartilage -synovial fluid: slippery fluid occupies all free spaces within joint capsules -fluid filters from blood -is viscous when cold, thins out when warm (activity) – also found with articular cartilage (ends of bones) -provides slippery weight- bearing film that reduces friction -forced from cartilage when joint is compressed, seeps back in when pressure is relieved. “weeping lubrication” -lubricates free surfaces of cartilage and nourishes cells – also contains phagocytic cells – rids the joint cavity of microbes and cellular debris -reinforcing ligaments: band-like ligaments -most are thickened parts of fibrous capsule -sometimes they’re outside capsule or deep Explain the importance of the following structures in a synovial joint: a. Menisci-is to act to disperse the weight of the body and reduce friction during movement b. Bursae-act as a “ball of bearings” to reduce friction Explain, in words that are mea meaningful ningful to yo you, u, the factors which affect the stability of a synovial joint. - articular surfaces: determine what movements possible, play minor role in stability, ball and socket most stable -ligaments: the more ligaments, the more stable, ligaments can stretch up to 6%, then they snap, if ligaments are the only support, joint not very stable -muscle tone: tendons (muscles) coming across the joint provide most stability, tendons kept taut by muscle tone (ready to react to stimulation), extremely important in reinforcing shoulder, knee, and arches of foot Draw the six types of synovial joints based on their shape. Provide examples of where in the human body you would find each type of synovial joint. Make sure to include whether each type of joint is nonaxia nonaxial, l, uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxia multiaxial! l! You should already know this by now now,, but please explain the difference between an origin and an insertion. - origin: attachment at less movable bone - insertion: attachment to movable bone Describe the significance of a tendon crossing a joint. -if a muscle or associated tendon doesn’t cross a joint there won’t be movement Using the terminology of the three lever systems, describe the three ways in which a joint makes motion possible. Provid Provide e specific examples of each! -first-class lever: has fulcrum in the middle between effort and resistance, atlantooccipital joint lies between the muscles on the back of the neck and the weight of the face -second-class lever: resistance between fulcrum and effort, resistance from the muscle tone of the temporalis muscle lies between the jaw joint and the pull of the digastric muscle on the chin as it opens the mouth quickly -third-class lever: effort between the resistance and the fulcrum -most joints of the body, the effort applied by the biceps muscle is applied to the forearm between the elbow joint and the weight of the hand and the forearm Draw examples illustrating the following synovial joint movements. Make sure to provide examples of where in the human body each type of movement could occur: a. Gliding- wrists and ankles b. Circumduction- between head of bone and articular cavity c. Rotation- ball and socket joints of shoulder and hip d. Flexion- bring radius and ulna closer to humerus, flexing hip to bring tibia closer to abdomen e. Extension- ball socket joints f. Supination- rotation of forearm turning palm of hands outwards so it faces away from body g. Pronation- radius and ulna are crossed, palms face to rear, thumb= next to body

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h. Opposition- movement of grasping thumbs and fingers i. Inversion- bringing soles of feet in, so they’re facing towards midline of body/each other j. Eversion- bringing soles of feet out, so they’re facing away from midline of body k. Depression- leg is raised and put back down l. Elevation- leg is down but then you raise it m. Dorsifexion- backward bending and contracting of hand or foot n. Plantarflexion- lifting heel of foot from ground & pointing toes downward o. Lateral flexion- bending of neck or body toward right or left side p. Adduction- brings closer to midline of body (arms) q. Abduction- swinging hands higher from side of body to shoulder or higher Compare and contrast a sprain and a strain. Describe the rate of healing for each tissue? Explain why why.. - sprain: ligaments are stretched or torn, partially torn ligaments will repair themselves but it’s slow because they’re poorly vascularized - strain: tendons are stretched or torn Label a drawing of the human knee joint. What bones do the quadriceps and patellar tendons each connect? -patellar: attaches to anterior of tibia -quadriceps: attaches to the quadriceps to the patella ACL stands for _anterior cruciate ligament_ PCL stands for _posterior cruciate ligament_ How does one tell the integrity of the ACL apart from the PCL? -ACL: prevents the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur, injuries caused by hyperflexion -PCL: prevents tibia from sliding backwards under the femur, force from lateral side could cause a tear What two bones does the MCL connect? -tibia and femur What two bones does the LCL connect? -fibula to femur What are the names of the two half – moon pieces of cartilage between the condyles of the femur and the tibia? -collateral ligaments (meniscus half moon shaped)...