ASCI 112 Final study guide PDF

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final study guide for asci 112 with Huzzey and Wishnie. covers information relevant to the final exam...

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Principles of Animal Science Science - the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. Knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through the scientific method Animal Science -one of the oldest sciences as it began when man first started to domesticate animals about 10,000-14,000 BC ● The wolf was the first animal to be domesticated

Animals in Society, Domestication, & Trends in Animal Agriculture Domestication Timeline (Key dates, when specific species were domesticated) - Dogs, cats, sheep and goats, cattle and swine, plants, horses, chickens and geese, llamas, rabbits

Adaptation theory - the wild animal made the decision to domesticate themselves. Chose to live close to humans, lived off human leftovers. Those that were calmer or more willing to stay closer to humans reproduced and passed on more tame genes. Adoption theory - the idea that humans chose a wild animal that was easy to keep (e.g. puppies). The animal’s behavior changes as they became more comfortable with humans. Humans continued to beed the most tame animals together. Artificial vs. Natural Selection: artificial is based on wants or needs of humans and natural is based on survival of the fittest

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Natural Selection - the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. Artificial Selection - the process by which humans use animal breedign and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits by choosing which animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together. Behavior and Domestication - Behavioral traits that facilitated domestication 1. Response to Humans - Tameable - Small flight zone - Non-aggressive toward humans - Readily controlled - Attention seeking 2. Social Behavior: social structure allows humans to function as group members and to take both dominant and leadership roles within the group, thus facilitating management - Live in groups - Have dominance hierarchies - Territorial behavior is minimized, different groups able to overlap home ranges - Regular social grooming activities 3. Adaptability and Activity - Wide environmental tolerance - Absence of specialized dietary needs (can eat leftovers) - Limited agility (easy to restrain and contain) - Small home range 4. Juvenile Characteristics - Temperament (docility) - Dependency - Curiosity (versus fear) in novel situations - Quick learning - Willingness to associate with other species 5. Sexual Behavior - Promiscuous mating (male-females do not form pair bonds) - Clear sexual signaling behaviors between males and females to indicate reproductive status - Able to breed freely in captivity 6. Precocial Development - Young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching (exceptions: dogs/cats) - Initial rapid, strong bonding of dam and young - Young can be separated from parents at early age Behavioral and Physical Changes in Domesticated Animals Behavioral: - Loss of self sufficiency - Less adaptable to changes in the environment 2

- Loss of pair bonding - Loss of broodiness - Reduced flightiness and aggression - Increased juvenile characteristics Physical: - Increased variation in color, hair, horns, etc. - Decreased ratio of brain to body size - Change in body size - Skeletal changes - Faster growth rate - Neoteny - the retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult - Domestication is a major genetic change in animals The Fox Farm Experiment - Dimitri Belyayev After generations of artificial selection and pacification, we notice phenotypic changes in the foxes, like differences in colors of their coats such as spots. Then there was of course the behavioral changes, making the foxes more friendly and playful with humans, comparable to dogs. Also, neoteny was another affect, where the foxes started to get very floppy ears, just as dogs did so long ago. Animal Numbers Farm animals - 8,766,840,000 Companion animals - 157,141,00 Laboratory animals - 820,812 Exotic animals ~ 800,000 Animals in Research It is better to use an animal in testing than it is to use a human, especially when it comes to potentially toxic vaccines or corrosive materials - To advance scientific understanding - As models to study disease (rabbits and atherosclerosis) - To develop and test potential forms of treatment (dogs and hip replacements) - To protect the safety of people, animals, and the environment ( new drugs for humans and animals)

Trends in Animal Agriculture Increasing farm size, decreasing farm number Key dates, how has Agriculture changed over the 19th/20th century - Prior to 1940/50, romantic agrarian view of agriculture - Industrial Revolution = more urban society = less farmers - Sustenance farming → Production farming - Modern Agriculture began about 100 years ago Advantages/Concerns with present day animal production - Advantages: - Clean, comfortable, safe growing environment - Managed temperature = decreased stress 3

- Barns designed to optimize health - Disease risk factors can be managed - Concerns: - Making small farms obsolete - Dense population → odor, pollution, disease - Inhumane treatment - Antibiotic use and possible resistance - Recalls become harder - Methane - Quantity vs quality Humans and agriculture trends, farm #, production level, consumption trends - USDA: US department of Agriculture - Policy on farming, agriculture, forestry, and food. Promotes trade, production, safety, and sustainability. - FDA: Food and Drug Administration - Protects public health through supervision and regulation of food safety (handling, processing, distribution, feeds, and supplements given to animals). - FOA: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN - International effort to defeat hunger, provide resources to improve agricultural practices. - CVO: Chief Veterinary Officer - Every country has one, supervises animal health and welfare. World Trends in Animal Agriculture - Production and consumption trends and drivers for production trends - Forces driving demand 1. Population growth 2. Increasing income 3. Changing preferences - Animal product output must double by 2050 to sustain the projected population (9.7 billion) - Livestock production growth > crop production growth - Poultry has increased the most - Farm geography - Majority of farms are in China (35%) - Followed by India (24%) - Food Security in the world – what nations are most food insecure, % population malnourished, population growth trends, Future needs - 815 million people are undernourished - Food Security: when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life - Africa = most food insecure continent (20% population undernourished) - 2016 = 11% of the world population is undernourished - 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development - End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, promote sustainable agriculture - Future needs: 4

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Agriculture land needs to be more efficient and productive More research into sustainable agriculture Tech development Food waste/loss needs to be minimized More focus on sustainability

Additional Terminology Subsistence Agriculture - this is the farming that is used for the sole purpose of sustaining you and/or your family, we have strayed away from this because now we have larger farms that provide for the entire country and even internationally Domestication vs. Tameness - Tameness is the gradual habituation to humans, that is characterized by a reduced fearfulness of humans. Domestication is an evolutionary process whereby populations of animals change behaviorally and physiologically, driven by selection pressures based on human desired traits - Wild animals can be tamed but they are not domesticated - Domesticated animals = DNA is fundamentally different Piebald - A spotting pattern of large unpigmented, usually white, areas of hair, feathers, or scales and normally pigmented patches, generally black. Piebald patterns became more apparent on coats of animals that had been domesticated. Piebald patterns typically do not help an animal blend in with its surroundings to hide from predators so in the wild these coat colors were generally naturally selected out of a species. But in domesticated animals there is no need for them to hide from predators, therefore allowing these coat patterns to appear more Precocial - (of a young bird or other animal) hatched or born in an advanced state and able to feed itself almost immediately. Young have initial strong bonding with the dam and can be separated at an early age. Ideal for domestication Altricial - (of a young bird or other animal) hatched or born in an undeveloped state and requiring care and feeding by the parents. Not ideal for domestication. (cats, dogs, humans) Neoteny - The retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult; a major change of domestication - Floppy ears, changes in reproductive cycle, curly tails, piebald coloration, fewer or shortened vertebra, large eyes, rounded forehead, large ears, and shortened muzzle CA Proposition 2 (2008) - Prevention of Farm Animal Cruelty Act: Prohibits the confinement of farm animals in a manner that does not allow them to move around freely. - Egg layer chickens in battery cages - Veal calves in crates - Sows in gestation stalls Flight Zone - An animal’s flight zone is the area around an animal that, if exceeded, the animal will run away Trichinosis - a parasite that can infect humans from infected wild game or pork. Case numbers are decreased because of enhanced biosecurity due to rodent control

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The Chemistry of Life Hierarchy of Biological Order Atoms → molecules → cells → tissue → organs →56 organ systems → organisms → population Cellular Level: Atoms, Molecules, Cells Organismal Level: Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism Population Level: Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere Element - the simplest form of matter, cannot be broken down to anything less by chemical reaction Molecule - two or more atoms held together through chemical bonds Macromolecules - BIG molecules which are the building materials of the body Monomers - small molecules that can join together to form larger molecules (polymers) Polymers - large molecules made up of monomers Six Elements Basic to Life: CHNOPS Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur

Macromolecules (know types, basic structure, functions, chemical bonds that affect structure/digestion) Four types 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)

Carbohydrates - Used for energy and structural molecules - Consists of sugar and their polymers - Basic structure: (CH2O)n Monosaccharide - a single sugar E.g. glucose, fructose, galactose (hexoses); deoxyribose, ribose (pentoses) Fructose is shaped as a pentose but is actually a hexose Disaccharide - made of two sugars E.g. sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (glucose + glucose) Polysaccharide - made of many sugars E.g. starch, cellulose Structural Carbohydrate - Fibrous carbohydrates like cellulose that’s primary use is for structure. Cellulose vs Starch Cellulose - A structural carb (plant cell wall) - Very resistant to breakdown/digestion because of the bonds which link the glucose monomers - Fiber - affects how other nutrients are absorbed and pass through the gastrointestinal tract - Beta bond between glucoses (B - bad for digestion) 6

Starch -

Easily digested Plants store energy as starch in chloroplasts Animals store energy as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells Alpha bond between glucoses

Lipids - Store large amounts of energy (long term) - 2nd source of energy for the body - Form outer membrane of cells Trigliceride - a glycerol molecule with three chains of fatty acids attached Fatty Acids - a carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group, have different chemical properties depending on the number of hydrogens attached to the carbons

Saturated Fatty Acids - this is a fatty acid that has the exact amount of hydrogens for each carbon available on the chain - Solid at room temp - Animal fats; butter Unsaturated Fatty Acid - this is a fatty acid that does not have enough hydrogens to satisfy every carbon available. A double bond is formed to satisfy the carbons and this creates a bent chain - Liquid at room temp - Plant and fish fats; olive oil Trans-fat - the worst fat for you, industrially produced. Still have a double bond bc they are modified unsaturated fats but the chain is straight - Solid at body temperature, can clog arteries Phospholipids - the lipids that make up the plasma membrane in a cell and consists of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails Steroid - 4 linked carbon rings (pentagon shape) + short tail 7

Proteins -

A polymer made up of its monomer: amino acids

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Functions of Proteins - Enzymes - Motion - Defense - Regulation - Transport - Storage - Support Amino Acids - Small molecules with simple basic structure: a carbon atom with 3 groups attached. Joined by a peptide bond - Amino group (-NH2) - Carboxyl group (-CO2H) - Functional group (-R) which determines which amino acid it is Essential Amino Acids - amino acids that must be obtained from the diet because the body can’t produce them itself. Different species have different essential AA - Cats need Taurine Complete Protein - a source of protein that has all 10 essential amino acids - Proteins from animals (meat, dairy, eggs, fish) tend to be complete proteins Incomplete Protein - a source of protein that does not have all 10 essential amino acids - Proteins from plant sources tend to lack certain amino acids - Exceptions: soy, quinoa, buckwheat The 10 Essential Amino Acids PVT TIM HALL -

Phenylalanine Valine Tryptophan

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Threonine Isoleucine Methionine

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Histidine Arginine Lysine Leucine

Denaturation - a process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and function due to high temperature, changes in pH, ionic concentration surrounding Renaturing: a proteins chemical and physical aspects are restored when it is restored to its natural environment

Nucleic Acids -

Information polymers - enable living things to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next Monomer: Nucleotide 8

- 5 carbon sugar, either deoxyribose or ribose - A phosphate group - Nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G, U) - Nitrogenous base pairs - Adenine + Thymine (Uracil in RNA) - Guanine + Cytosine - The paired bases for the double helix structure DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - Inherited from parents - Copied during cell reproduction to pass on to next generation - Encodes information that programs all cells activities - Double helix structure - Forms base pairs held together by hydrogen bonds - Sugar phosphate “backbone” gives support RNA (ribonucleic acid) - DNA encodes synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) in nucleus - mRNA conveys genetic instructions for making proteins at ribosomes of cell - Uses uracil instead of thymine - One strand structure

Cell Structure and Function The Cell - the simplest collection of matter that can live - Multicellular Organisms: Plants, animals - Unicellular Organisms: Bacteria, archaea, protozoa, multicellular algae, unicellular fungi Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic - lacks nucleus and internal membrane-bound compartments (organelles) - All bacteria and archaea Eukaryotic - nucleus and internal membrane-bounded compartments (organelles) - All organisms other than bacteria or archaea Animal vs Plant Cells Unique to plant cells - Chloroplasts: photosynthesis → Sun = Energy - Central vacuole: stores chemicals, breaks down macromolecules, has important role in plant growth - Cell wall: outside the plasma membrane Unique to Animal Cells - Centrioles: play a critical role in cell division - Cilium: aid in cellular locomotion - Lysosomes: contain enzymes that digest cellular macromolecules in plants. Mostly done in vacuole

The Organelles The Nucleus: Control Center - Nucleus - command and control center 9

- Stores all hereditary (genetic) information Surface bounded by double-membrane = nuclear envelope - Groups of proteins form openings called nuclear pores - Permits proteins and RNA to pass in and out of nucleus - Nucleolus - center of the nucleus, ribosome assembly Ribosomes - Responsible for production of protein in all living cells - Large macromolecular complexes composed of RNA (⅔) and protein (⅓) - Ribosomes are located: - Free-floating in the cytosol - Produce proteins that will generally function in cytosol e.g. enzymes - Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum - Produces proteins that will generally be used in membranes or packaged to be sent to other locations in the body Cytosol vs Cytoplasm - Cytosol - the cytoplasms gel-like material in which cell structures are suspended - Cytoplasm - cell’s entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope Centrosome vs Centriole - Centrosome - located near nucleus, microtubules grow out of it - Centriole - paired inside centrosome, important for organizing contents of cell - move towards the opposite ends of the nucleus when it’s time for cell division. Important for organizing the contents of the cell during cell division Mitochondria - Mitochondria - cellular powerhouse - Site for chemical reactions, called oxidative metabolism - Where molecules like glucose are broken down to produce ATP - Chloroplasts are sites of photosynthesis - conversion of light energy into chemical energy (ATP) Cytoskeleton - Cytoskeleton - internal framework of protein fibers - Functions: - Anchor organelles to fixed locations or provides “tracks Along which they can move - Support shape of cell - Organize ribosomes and enzymes needed for synthesis activities Protein Fibers of the Cytoskeleton - Actin Filaments - contracts muscles, maintains cell shape - Microtubules - serves as “tracks” along which organelles and chromosomes can move during cell division, shape/support cell - Intermediate Filament - anchors nucleus and other organelles, maintains cell shape -

The Endomembrane System Organelles of this system are related either through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles The Endomembrane System: a molecule production and transport system into the cell - Consists of 10

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Nuclear Envelope, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Secretory Vesicles, Plasma Membrane Nuclear Envelope - A continuous membrane that separates the internal space (cisternae) of the Endoplasmic Reticulum from the cell cytosol - Has proteins that are being made by the ribosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Proteins made in the Rough ER will go through Golgi to be packaged for secretion - Rough ER has ribosomes attached to the membrane Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and toxins - Site of steroid hormone production - Cells of organs that make lots of hormones have lots of Smooth ER - Smooth ER has NO ribosomes attached Golgi Apparatus - After synthesis in ER, newly-made molecules passed to Golgi bodies - Flattened stacks of membranes scattered through cytoplasm - Function to collect, package, alter, and distribute molecules manufactured in cell - The “post-office” of the cell - molecules are packaged and delivered - Cells that engage in a great deal of secretory activity have an abundance of Golgi Lysosomes - A membrane bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that include the cell uses to digest macromolecules including proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids - Used to recycle a cell’s own organic material - autophagy - Autophagy: self-devouring - Necessary for developm...