BIO C1 worksheet - Professor Greg Dahlem PDF

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WORKSHEET C1: DNA FOR IDENTIFICATION CHAPTER 11.1 Read: DNA and RNA Structure and Function – Chapter 11, Section 1 (pp. 184-191) TERMINOLOGY TO KNOW – 1. Forensic science* - science in the service of the law 3. Physical evidence* - objects or things connected to a crime 5. DNA – (deoxyribonucleic acid) – the molecule in living things that carries genetic information; a type of nucleic acid, organized into chromosomes 7. Nucleotides – the monomer of nucleic acids

2. Criminalistics* - largest area of forensic science – science applied to solving crimes 4. Nonphysical evidence* - verbal testimony about a crime 6. Chromosome – structure, consisting of DNA complexed w proteins, transmits genetic info from the previous generation of cells & organisms to the next generation, found in the nucleus of a cell 8. DNA replication – synthesis of a new DNA double helix prior to mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cells & during prokaryotic fission in prokaryotic cells

9. Mutation – a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. may be due to a replication error or influence of external sources called mutagens. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE: 1. Answer the following questions from Chapter 11: 1, 2, 3 and 4. 1.) Label the indicated parts of the DNA molecule A.) sugar-phosphate backbone B.) purine base C.) hydrogen bonds D.) deoxyribose sugar E.) nucleotide 2.) Chargaff’s rules state that the amount of A, T, G, and C in DNA A.) varies from species to species, and the amount of A = T and G = C. 3.) The first picture of DNA, as a result of X-ray diffraction, was produced by D.) Franklin 4.) DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because A.) each new DNA molecule contains one new strand and one old one.

CONCEPTS TO KNOW AND BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN 1. Be able to distinguish evidence as physical evidence or non-physical evidence in a criminal investigation* - Support or disprove statements by witnesses, victims or suspects - Identify substances or materials - Identify persons - Provide investigative leads 2. Three types of human cells do not contain a complete copy of the DNA. What are they and what portion of a person’s DNA do they contain?* - Mature red blood cells - Sperm and egg have half amount of DNA - B cells, some DNA has been rearranged to make antibodies 3. Chromosomes* a. What two types of molecules make up a chromosome? i. DNA and protein DNA b. Where are chromosomes found in a eukaryotic cell? i. In the nucleus c. How many chromosomes are found in a human cell? i. 46, 22 pairs d. How many of your chromosomes come from your mother? i. 23 4. DNA a. Describe the basic structure of the DNA molecule (Figure 11.5) o Complementary base pairing indicates that A is hydrogen bonded to T & G is hydrogen-bonded to C in the same manner. The strands of DNA run counter to one another, with eh 3’ end of one strand opposite the 5’ end of the other strand. Pairs bases can be in any order, b. What are the four different nucleotides of DNA? o Adenine o Guanine o Thymine o Cytosine c. Explain why the two strands are considered to be “complementary” o Bc whatever the sequence on one base is, you can determine the other base d. If you know the sequence of nucleotides on one strand of DNA you automatically know the sequence on the other strand. Explain why. o Bc A always pairs w T & C always pairs w G e. What is the function of DNA in living organisms? o Stores genetic material in nuclei o Replicates itself when diving o Provides code for sequencing of amino acids that bond together & make a protein 5. Describe the semiconservative replication of DNA (Figure 11.6)

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After the DNA unwinds, each strand serves as a template for the formation of a new daughter strand. Each parental strand are joined to form a complete daughter strand. 6. The discovery of DNA as the genetic molecule involved several scientists. Describe the scientific contributions of the following scientists to the discovery of the structure of DNA? a. James Watson & Francis Crick – structure, created a wire model of DNA; knew DNA is a polymer of nucleotides, A=T, G=C, double helix b. Rosalind Franklin – used crystallography and x-ray diffraction to show the double helix c. Erwin Chargaff – found each species has own percentage of each type of nucleotide 7. Nobel Prize info* a. Do you need to be alive to receive this award? o No b. What is the maximum number of scientists that can share a single award? o 3 c. Why are Prizes given to research that was published many years in the past? o Discovery to prove itself worthy and scientifically significant d. How much money does the Prize involve? o $1 million 8. The effect of a mutation depends on the identity of the cell where it occurs* a. What are 2 possible results of a mutation in a normal body cell? o Not passed to future generations but passed to all other cells derived from it o Can produce cancer cells b. What are 2 possible results of a mutation in an egg or sperm cell? o Can be passed to future generations o Will be present in all body cells of the new organism DETAILS (important for open note quizzes!) 1. All 3 billion base pairs making up the DNA in a single cell can be copied in about how long in a rapidly dividing cell? a. A matter of hours 2. What is the name of the biotechnology company that has recently expanded the genetic alphabet of available nucleotides to make DNA from 4 to 6? a. Synthorx...