Bio Chapter 1 PDF

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Chapter 1 Biology Need: Lab coat and lab equipment To do: Read chapters 1-5 mcgraw hill 1-5 chapters

Bio NotesBio (Greek form of “Bios” meaning life) Logy (“logia” means “study of”) Life is organized •Cell—smallest, most basic unit of life •Organisms may be unicellular or multicellular. •Tissues—made up of similar cells •Organ—made up of tissues •Organ systems—organs working together A cell is the smallest unit of life, an atom is smaller however an atom cannot sustain life Life requires materials and energy •Life cannot be maintained without them. •Food—building blocks and energy sources •Energy—capacity to do work •Metabolism—all chemical reactions occurring in the cell •Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth is the sun •Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical energy of food. •Remaining homeostatic •Homeostasis—maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries •May be behavior—moving to a warmer area •May not require conscious activity—liver releases stored sugar Homeostasis- everything is working fine (if you are not in homeostasis is when your body is out of system example- you’re dehydrated, you have the flu, you pass out etc.)

(The sun feeds the grass, the grass feeds the rabbit, the rabbit feeds the hawk) the transference of a life form being able to sustain their own energy- to how the energy is transferred to life forms who can’t sustain their own life energy) (getting hungry is a life form that cannot sustain its own life energy) Living organisms respond: •Find energy and/or nutrients by interacting with the environment •Ability to respond often results in movement

Living Organisms Reproduce and Develop •Every living thing can reproduce or make another organism like itself. •Bacteria and other single-celled organisms simply split in two. •In multicellular organisms, the reproductive process usually begins with the union of egg and sperm, producing an embryo. •Embryo grows according to genes inherited from parents. •In all organisms, genes are made of DNA. •DNA is the blueprint. Living Organisms Have Adaptations •Modifications that make organisms suited to their way of life •Some hawks catch fish, others are better at catching rabbits. •Adaptations for flight and catching prey •Humans who live at extreme elevations exhibit an adaptation that reduces the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.

The Core Concept of Biology Evolution •Evolution—process by which populations accumulate adaptations over time to become more suited to their environments •Explains the unity and diversity of life •Evolutionary tree traces the ancestry of life on Earth to a common ancestor The evolutionary treeBacteria evolves into archaea Archaea evolves into protists Protist evolves into plants

Plants evolves into fungi Fungi evolves into animals Natural selection •Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace both independently came to the conclusion that evolution occurs by a process called natural selection. •Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species presenting substantiating data. •Evolution is a core concept of biology— explains so many different types of observations in every field of biology. Environments may change due to the influence of living or nonliving factors •Natural selection is a process that results in a population adapted to the environment. •Some individuals of a population may possess certain adaptations that make them better suited to a new environment. •Individuals that are better suited to a new environment tend to live longer and produce more offspring. •The adaptations that result in higher reproductive success increase in frequency from one generation to the next, which is evolution.

Darwin said evolution is descent with modification. Hawaiian honeycreepers •All evolved from one species of finch •Assortment of bill types adapted to different types of food •Still share certain characteristics from common finch ancestor—body shape, nesting behavior, etc. Organizing the Diversity of Life Taxonomy—discipline of naming and classifying organisms according to certain rules •Systematics—classifies organisms according to presumed evolutionary relationship

Categories of classification •Domain •Kingdom •Phylum •Class

(Most inclusive)

•Order •Family •Genus •Species

(least inclusive)

The most inclusive and most general classification is the Domain •Domain Archaea •Prokaryote—unicellular, lacks membrane-bound nucleus •May be representative of first cells on Earth •Domain Bacteria •Prokaryote—unicellular, lacks membrane-bound nucleus •Found almost everywhere •Domain

Eukarya

•Eukaryote •Unicellular or multicellular •Membrane-bound nucleus

Domain Eukarya is divided into four kingdoms •Kingdom Protista-Diverse group of eukaryotes, many single-celled. Euglena, an organism with both plant and animal-like characteristics. •Kingdom Fungi- Multicellular decomposers. Amanita-a Mushroom. •Kingdom Plantae- Multicellular photosynthe-sizers. The bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva, one of the oldest organisms on the planet. •Kingdom Animalia- Multicellular organisms that ingest food. Homosapiens-humans. Binomial nomenclature- using Latin as the root and main language to name things because it is a dead language and it cannot be confused or broke down First word is genus •Second word is specific epithet •Universally used by scientists to avoid confusion of common names Biology is the scientific study of life. •Start with an observation

•Scientific method begins with observations. •May take advantage of knowledge and experiences of other scientists •Develop a hypothesis •Scientist uses inductive reasoning—uses creative thinking to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole. •Hypothesis—possible explanation for an event •Consider only those that can be tested.

Scientific method: Potential hypotheses- hypothesis-Observations-prediction-experiment Remaining possible hypotheses- prediction- experiment Last remaining hypotheses-modify hypothesis- experiment (1-?) confirmed prediction- conclusion Make a prediction and perform experiments •Experiments further observations and test hypothesis. •Good experimental design, all conditions constant except experimental variable •Test group versus control group •Data may suggest correlation. •Does not necessarily mean causation •Scientists are skeptics. Develop a conclusion •Is the hypothesis supported or not? •Experiments and observations must be repeatable.

Scientific theory •Ultimate goal of science is to understand the natural world in accepted explanations for how the world works. •Cell theory, gene theory •Theory of evolution is considered a unifying concept in biology. •Some biologists refer to the principle or law of evolution due to over 100 years of support by so many observations and experiments. The independent= what you manipulate or change The dependent= what is being measured

Control= the thing that stays the same no matter what

Results determined by endoscopy •Double-blind study—technician doesn’t know which group patient is in Conclusion—investigators conclude their hypothesis is supported Scientific studies published in a scientific journal •Review

process

•General public usually relies on secondary sources, which may be inaccurate. •Be especially careful of information on the Internet. Technology—application of scientific knowledge for a practical purpose Bioethics—branch of ethics concerned with the development and consequences of technology •Biodiversity is perhaps the single most significant bioethical issue today. Biodiversity—variation in life on Earth; refers to numbers of different species •Estimated 15 million species on Earth; around two million classified •Extinction—death of an entire species or taxonomical group •Estimated 400 species per day are lost due to human activity •Extinction affects biodiversity

Emerging diseases •Emerging diseases may result from new and/or increased exposure to animals or insect populations that may act as vectors for disease •Change in human behavior and use of technology

Climate change •Changes in the normal cycles of the Earth’s climate that may be attributed to human activity •Primarily due to imbalance in chemical cycling of carbon •Due to burning of fossil fuels and destruction of forests...