Bio Lab Quiz 5 - Lecture notes 9-10 PDF

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Biology/Zoology 102 Lab Work...

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Lab 10- Chordata Crayfish → triploblastic, bilateral symmetry Sea squirt → triploblastic, blastopore, bilateral symmetry, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail Badger → triploblastic, blastopore, bilateral symmetry, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, vertebral column and cranium Invertebrate chordates ● Urochordates (tunicates or sea squirts) ○ Larvae has all four chordate hallmarks → notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and postanal tail ■ Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and postanal tail are absent in adults ○ The chordate hallmarks are present in the tunicate larvae ● Cephalochordates (lancelets) ○ Notochord provides internal support that permits efficient swimming ○ The chordate hallmarks are present in the adult cephalochordata ● Not vertebrates; no cranium or vertebral column ● Both suspension feeders Vertebrate chordates ● Agnathans (hagfish and lampreys) ○ Hagfish: ■ Simple eye that only detects light and dark ■ Sensory tentacles around mouth to detect food ■ Scavengers; tie themselves into knots as leverage towards prey ■ Skeleton made of cartilage; they have a cranium but no vertebrae ■ Notochord persists are stiffening rod ■ Water goes from mouth → pharynx → gill opening ○ Lamprey: ■ Mouth is rasping and sucking organ ■ Parasitic; attach to prey and rasp through the flesh to suck out fluids ■ Large developed eyes ■ Skeleton is made of cartilage; they have a cranium and partial vertebrae alongside of notochord Gnathostomes: jawed vertebrates ● Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish; sharks, skates and ratfish) ○ All have vertebrae and cranium ○ All have skeleton composed of cartilage ○ Fins are great to have; they move shark forward, stabilize, prevent rolling as swim through water, and lift as it swims

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Osteichthyes (bony fish with ray fins or with lobe fins) ○ Ray-finned fish ■ Paired fins and scales ■ Operculum covering the gills ■ Swim bladder is present; provides fish with neutral buoyancy ● Only evolved in ray-finned fish

Tetrapods ● Limb homology: ○ 1 bone attached to body ○ 2 bones ○ Many little bones ○ Digits ● Amphibians (frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders) ○ Confined to moist environments because of rapid water loss through the skin ○ Some live on land and return to water to lay eggs ○ Gas exchange: ■ Skin must remain moist ■ Lungs divided into air chambers ■ No ribs or diaphragm present ● Amniotes (snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, birds, and mammals) ○ Major derived character is the amniotic egg; reptiles are no longer tied to water for reproduction ○ Amniotic egg: ■ Shell, chorion, amnion, yolk sac, allantois ○ Reptiles (snakes and lizards) ■ The scales of snakes and lizards are formed from ectoderm, and fish scales are formed from mesoderm- not homologous ■ Thick skin does not allow gas to exchange across the surface of the body ○ Birds ■ Birds: ● Feathers are lightweight, but strong ● High metabolic rate which generates heat ● Feathers help to make use of heat by providing insulation ● Have ribs, but no diaphragm ● Gas exchange occurs in the lungs ○ Mammals ■ Distinguishing characteristics: ● Hair ● Mammary glands ● Muscular diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominal cavities ● Generally, larger brain than other vertebrates ● 4-chambered heart

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● Secondary hard palate ● Heterodont teeth (teeth of different shape) ● Endothermy (warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism) Monotremes (echidna and platypus) ● Lay rubbery-shelled eggs which lubricate for 10 days ● No nipples; secrete milk from pores in stomach Marsupials (kangaroos, koalas, and opossum) ● Give birth to living young, but are born early in development so they complete development while nursing, usually in a pouch Placentals (majority of mammals) ● Embryo surrounded by amnion filled with amniotic fluid ● Placenta physically attaches embryo to uterine wall

Mammals and birds are endothermic which means they have a body temperature that is determined by heat derived from the animal’s own metabolism

Lab 11- Mammalian Anatomy Respiratory System ● Two functions: ○ Exchange oxygen in the atmosphere with blood in the lungs ○ Exchange carbon dioxide in the blood in the lungs with the atmosphere ● Structures: ○ Air enters through the nasal passage or oral cavity ○ These two passages join in the pharynx ○ At the top of the trachea is the larynx (voice box) ○ Epiglottis is a flap that covers the trachea, which keeps the airway always open ○ Trachea branches into bronchus, and within the bronchus are bronchioles ● Site of gas exchange → alveoli (located at bottom of brachial tree) ● Ventilation → moving air in and out of the lungs Circulatory System ● Function → transport substances around the body ● Mammals have a closed circulatory system ● Blood vessels: ○ Arteries transport blood away from the heart ○ Veins transport blood to the heart ○ Connecting arteries and veins are capillaries ● Heart: ○ Mammals have a 4-chambered heart ■ 2 upper chambers that receive blood = atria

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● Right atrium receives from body ● Left atrium receives from lungs ■ 2 lower chambers that pump blood = ventricles ● Right ventricle pumps to lungs ● Left ventricle pumps to body ○ Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria ○ Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood from arteries to ventricles Pulmonary circulation → deoxygenated blood is brought to the right side of the heart which pumps it to the lungs, gas exchange occurs and oxygenated blood is transported to the left side of the heart ○ Superior vena cava ○ Right atrium ○ Right ventricle ○ Pulmonary arteries ○ Pulmonary veins Systemic circulation → oxygenated blood is pumped from the left side of the heart to the body, gas exchange occurs and deoxygenated blood is transported to the right side of the heart ○ Left atrium ○ Left ventricle ○ Aortic arch ○ Inferior vena cava

Digestive System ● Functions → bring food into the body, chemically break it down into smaller molecules that can be moved across the wall of the digestive tract and into circulation ○ Ingest food = bring food into mouth ■ Glucose molecules are the building blocks of carbohydrates ■ Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins ■ Fatty acids and glycerol are the building blocks of lipids ○ Mechanical digestion = chewing, mixing, churning ○ Chemical digestion = large macromolecules broken down into their building block molecules ○ Absorption = passage of building block molecules from digestive tract into the blood or lymph ○ Defecation = elimination of indigestible material from the body via the anus ● Structures: ○ Mouth → passageway from mouth to esophagus ○ Esophagus → tube that transports food from pharynx to stomach ○ Stomach → food is mixed, churned, and chemically digested ○ Small intestine → chemical digestion and absorption ○ Cecum → colonies of bacteria and protists within this structure that digest plant material

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○ Large intestine → absorption of water, and undigested wastes Accessory structures: ○ Salivary glands → secrete enzymes for the carbohydrate digestion into the mouth ○ Liver → produces bile, with emulsifies lipids; secreted into small intestine ○ Gallbladder → stores and concentrates bile ○ Pancreas → secretes enzymes for digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids into the small intestine Absorption: ○ Glucose and amino acids are absorbed into the blood capillary ■ Hepatic portal vein transports them to liver ○ Fatty acids absorbed into the lacteal ○ Water and ions absorbed in the large intestine

Urinary System ● Function → helps maintain water balance and selectively removes waste products and excess salts from the body ● Structures: ○ Urine is formed in the kidneys ○ A tube called the ureter transports urine from each kidney to the bladder where is can be stored ○ Urine is transported from the bladder to outside the body by the urethra ● Amino acids are converted to ammonia, which enters a pathway that converts it to urea Reproductive System ● Functions: ○ Male reproductive system produces sperm and delivers them to female reproductive tract ○ Female reproductive system produces eggs, receives sperm, and houses and nourishes the growing embryo and fetus ● Male reproductive structures: ○ Male gonads are the testes ○ Testes are enclosed in a pouch of skin called the scrotum ○ Sperm leaves the testes by the epididymis ○ Vas deferens is narrow tube that extends from each epididymis to the urethra ○ Each vas deferens passes from the scrotum into the abdominal cavity through an opening called the inguinal canal ○ Urethra is the tube that carries urine and semen through the penis ○ Semen consists of sperm mixed with secretions of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles ● Female reproductive structures: ○ Eggs are produced in the ovary and swept into the oviduct or fallopian tubes where fertilization takes place

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The vagina is a tube that lies between the bladder and the rectum, which serves as a passageway for menstrual flow and for delivery of the infant at birth...