Bio9 - CH 9 PDF

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CH 9...

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CHAPTER 9 NOTES – Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Cellular Respiration- most prevalent and efficient way to get ATP (catabolic) – Fermentation- partial degradation of sugars - Regenerates NAD+ - Uses glycolysis, no oxygen required - Latic Acid Fermentation- pyruvate is reduced to NADH, No CO2 released - Alcohol Fermentation- pyruvate becomes ethanol, CO2 is released Redox Reactions- transfer electrons from one reactant ot another by oxidation (glucose) and reduction (oxygen) Oxidation- substances loses electrons (is oxidized) Reduction- substances gains electrons (is reduced) During Cellular Respiration- Reactions that breakdown nutrients (organic materials) into ATP (energy) - Waste is released - Glucose is oxidized - Oxygen is reduced - Glucose -> NADH -> Electron Transport Chain -> Proton Motive Force -> ATP *Three Parts of Respiration1. Glycolysis- breakdown glucose into pyruvate 2. Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb)- completes breakdown of glucose 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation- Generates ATP (driven by electron transport chain) Glycolysis - Occurs in Cytoplasm - Starts the breakdown of Glucose - Substrate Level Phosphorylation that breaks down the glucose - Doesn’t need oxygen - Produces- 2 Pyruvate, 4 ATP (2 net), 2 NADH If oxygen is present, it goes to Citric Acid cycleCitric Acid Cycle - Occurs in Mitochondrial Matrix - Run by acetyl CoA - Adds energy to NADH (higher level) and FADH (lower level) – both coenzymes - Series of Redox reactions to generate energy - Acts on pyruvates (from glycolysis) - Releases electrons through electron transport chain - Finishes the breakdown of Glucose - Produces- 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 2 CO2 /per cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation- Occurs in Mitochondria - is the process in which ATP is formed from the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH to oxygen by a series of electron carriers - Oxygen pulls protons at the end - Doesn’t act on a substrate - ATP Synthesis- uses exergonic flow of H to drive phosphorylation of ATP

Electron Transport Chain- Inner-membrane of Mitochondria (cristae) - Transfers electrons through redox reactions - Carries electrons to complete the production of ATP Chemiosmosis- Electrons get passed through proteins including cytochromes - Through greater to lesser chemical gradient - Drives cellular work (ATP Synthesis) - Enters through ATP Synthase (ATP to ADP) ATP SynthaseProton Motive Force- Hydrogen proton gradient (Emphasizes capacity to do work) Obligate Anaerobes- organisms that carry out only fermentation Facultative Anaerobes- organisms that carry out aerobic oxidation of pyruvate Aerobic Respiration- in presence of oxygen Anerobic Respiration- without oxygen (ex. Glycolysis) Catabolic Process- is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions. Beta Oxidation- breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments, which enter citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA...