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Biology 101 STUDY GUIDE: QUIZ 5 10 The Internally Integrated Human Animal 10.1 The Integrated Human List the names of 10 body systems and the principal role of each in serving the rest of the body. Muscular: collection of organs (muscles) that facilitate movement of the body and within the body Skeletal: collection of organs (bones) that give support and form to the body and assist the muscular system of the body. Cardiovascular: collection of organs that facilitates movement of cells and soluble materials to and from the body Respiratory: collection of organs that enables critical gaseous reactants and products to be added to and removed from the blood Integumentary: collection of organs ( skin) that insulates the organs while protecting it from desiccation and invasion by foreign pathogens Nervous: collection of organs composed of neurons that coordinate the activities of the organisms while transmitting signals from one location to another Endocrine: collection of organs (glands) that secrets hormones within the blood stream which in turn controls many of the body’s forms and functions Urinary: collection of organs that filters the creating, collecting and storing the resulting urine for excretion Lymphatic: collection of organs that facilitates the surveillance of tissue fluids and their movement back to the blood stream Digestive: collection of organs that facilitates the intake and mechanical and enzymatic degradation of foods, followed by absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes make things move A student runs up a flight of stairs. Other than the skeletal system, which body system would be most immediate in its support of the muscular system in this activity? cardiovascular As a student runs up a flight of stairs, her _integumentary______ system serves her by providing moisture for evaporation to remove the heat her body is generating. It helps to moderate her body temperature.

10.2 The Muscular System Muscle Structural Organization A muscle is composed of thousands of muscle cells (fibers) bound into groups of 100 or more fibers call _fascicles_______ each of which is surrounded by _connective________ tissue called perimysium. What is the name of a contractile unit of a muscle? sarcomeres Muscle Contraction During muscle contraction, __myosin________ filaments use their protein heads to attach sequentially to sites along actin filaments. Control of Contraction: Ions, Gradients, and Membrane Potentials While waiting for a signal to contract, a muscle cell membrane maintains a slightly higher positive charge on which side of the of the membrane?(outside) Resting membrane This is possible only because _ sodium potassium ATPase pumps/ Na-K-ATPase pumps _______ pumps are available to generate this charge difference.

Contraction of Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Which of the three general types of muscle tissue helps to keep both our blood pressure regulated and our digestive processes effective? Smooth muscles Name the calcium-binding proteins in skeletal muscle and those in smooth muscle. Smooth muscles it’s calmodulin and skeletal it’s troponin

10.3 The Cardiovascular System Blood: A Medium of Exchange What is the most common molecule found in plasma, (or in all of blood for that matter)? See Figure 10.9, chart. water Blood Vessels: The Body’s Avenue of Life In which type of vessels—arteries, capillaries, or veins—do the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and of nutrients and cell wastes occur (principally)? capillaries The Heart: The Dynamo of Human Life Systolic blood pressure is the __higher_____ number of your blood pressure reading. It is recorded when the heart (—specifically the left __ventricle_______ --) contracts. Trace the route of blood flow through the human heart. Figure 10.11 will help.

10.4 Basic Concepts of Immunity Notice the parts of Table 10.2. List three general lines of defense in the human immune system. Intact skin, inflammation responses, t-cells & b-cells Your First Line of Defense The ____mucous_______ secretions from membranes lining your bronchial passages entrain microbes. Cilia then carry them away to your acid-laden stomach where they will die. Your Second Line of Defense Name two contrasting the sites in the body where macrophages and neutrophils patrol for foreign objects. Skin (tissue) and Blood Inflammation results from increased release of fluids and cells in the area of an infection. List four basic signs and symptoms of inflammation. Redness, swelling, heat, pain Your Third Line of Defense Review Table 10.3. List four fundamental characteristics of the adaptive immune response. 1.requires exposure to foreign agent 2. Specific for the foreign agent. 3. Transferrable from one host to another. 4 remembered when foreign agent returns a second time. Neither B lymphocytes nor T lymphocytes are able by themselves to respond to foreign antigen. To undergo further division, they must at some point receive another signal to proliferate (divide). They get this signal from what type of cells? (see Figures 10.17, 10.18) helper T cells Preparing Your Immune System: The Preemptive Strike When a vaccine is given to a person with a healthy immune system, what is the long-term result? Your body has built up an: immunity/ or immunologic memory? Vaccination works because our immune system is able to “_remember_” the same foreign entity if we are re-infected with it.

10.5 The Human Digestive System For these five digestive system organs: stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine, list their principle function(s). Stomach: muscular organ that receives, temporarily stores and digests food Liver: accessory organ that assists the digestive system, produces and stores glycogen, decomposes old red blood cells synthesizes blood plasma

Pancreas: organ of the digestive system generating and degrading enzymes Small intestine: 21ft. long tubular organ of the digestive system where mechanical digestion, chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur Large Intestine: 5ft. tubular organ of the digestive system receives digestive chyme residues from the sm. Intestine. Water reabsorption and some vitamin absorption happen here. The role of the hepatic portal system is to help the liver_________ (organ) to control nutrient levels in your circulatory system. The hepatic portal vein forms from capillary beds in _sm._intestines____________ and leads to a second set of capillary beds in ____liver__________. See Figure 10.22.

10.6 The Human Urinary System What is the principle function of the ureter? To carry urine from the kidney to the bladder What is the principle function of the urethra? To allow urine to be excreted from the body (duct) The urinary bladder? store urine prior to voiding List three separate, related functions of the kidney. A) __filtration_____ in the glomerular capillaries, b) tubular __reabsorption of water and small dissolved substances back in the bloodstream, c) __secretion________ of waste molecules in the distal tubule.

10.7 Neurons at Work Neuron Structure and Function Which structural feature of a human neuron uniquely and perfectly fits it for its signal-carrying role? Impressive length A neuron is a specialized cell that consists of three regions structurally. What are they? Receptors, integrators, effectors Which type of neuron receives a stimulus, carries it toward the brain and spinal cord and thus transmits it to the central nervous system? see Figure 10.29 receptors Nervous Reflexes List in the correct order the separate structures through which a signal moves in a “simple” reflex arc? Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron and effector Find the four named structures in Figure 10.30 (by following the black lines). What kind of neuron is not a required element of the simple reflex arc? (even though it is distantly connected to the reflex arc as represented and described in Figure 10.30)integrating neuron

10.8 The Human Nervous System What are the two main sections of the human nervous system? See Figure 10.31 a. spinal cord and brain The efferent or motor branch of the peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the __somatic____ (voluntary) and _autonomic___________ (involuntary) nervous systems. The Central Nervous System For the following brain regions, list each one’s principle functional role: cerebrum: functions in learning, voluntary movement, and sensory interpretation. cerebellum: coordination of motor movement medulla: functions in control of involuntary processes such as heart rate and breathing intensity. hypothalamus control center in forebrain that regulates body temperature and responses to hunger and thirst; generates pituitary hormones. Thalamus: a coordinating center of the brain that routes sensory inputs to areas of the cerebrum devoted to generating motor responses.

Which structure within the brain has the role of generating emotions? Limbic system The Peripheral Nervous System Cranial and spinal nerves of the peripheral nervous system serve both _sensory_________ and __motor_______ functions carrying impulses to and from the body parts. Distinguish, in general terms, the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (branches) of the ANS (autonomic nervous system). (Review the final paragraph of this subsection sympathetic : Controls involuntary processes under stress. parasympathetic: Processes under rest The Nervous System is Internally Integrated The nervous system interacts with the __endocrine_________ system to coordinate the internal integration of all the other body systems together. Which systems of the body interact with the peripheral nervous system? See Figure 10.38. Digestive, respiratory, circulatory, urinary.

10.9 Drugs and the Nervous System Caffeine: Catalyst of the Technological Revolution Caffeine affects synapses by binding to _adenoside_________ receptors without activating them. See Figure 10.40 Fluoxetine Hydrochloride: Chemical Joy Fluoxetine HCl affects synapses by inhibiting re-uptake of _serotonin____________by its transporter proteins. See Figure 10.41...