Blood Banking and Transfusion Chapter 1 Notes Denise Harmening 7th Edition PDF

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Summary

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: 1492: blood was taken from 3 young men and given to POPE INNOCENT VII : first blood transfusion recorded CLOTTING: principal obstacle to overcome 1869: attempts to find a non-toxic anticoagulant :BRAXTON HICKS- sodium phosphate EDWARD E. LINDEMANN: first to succeed; carried ...

Description

BLOOD BANKING CONTENT:

preservative acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD)

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF BLOOD BANKING (CHAPTER 1)

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JULY 1947: Journal of Clinical investigation devoted nearly a dozen of papers to blood preservation. 1947: blood banks were established (U.S) and transfusion became a common place.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: 

1492: blood was taken from 3 young men and given to POPE INNOCENT VII : first blood transfusion recorded

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CLOTTING: principal obstacle to overcome

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1869: attempts to find a non-toxic anticoagulant :BRAXTON HICKS- sodium phosphate

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EDWARD E. LINDEMANN: first to succeed; carried out vein-to-vein transfusion by using multiple syringes and special cannula.

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GIBSON (1957): introduced an improved preservative solution called citrate-phosphate dextrose.

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CURRENT STATUS:

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450 mL +/- 10% of blood (1 pint)= traditional blood collection

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5oo mL +/- 10% of blood (current) is being collected on a donor with 38% Hct.

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UNGER: designed a syringe-valve apparatus

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HUSTIN (1914): reported the use of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant in transfusions.

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110-pound donor = maximum of 525 mL of blood can be collected.

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LEWISHSON (1915): determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its non-toxicity in small amounts.

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10-12 pints: total blood volume of most adults and donors can replenish the fluid lost from the 1-pint donation within 24 hours.

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ROUS AND TURNER (1916): glucose; citrate dextrose solution for the preservation of blood.

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Donor’s red cells are replaced within 1-2 months and can donate whole blood every 8 weeks.

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WORLD WAR II: stimulated blood preservation research.

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units of whole blood can be separated into three components: PACKED RBC, PLATELETS AND PLASMA. (less whole blood has been used to prepare platelets with the increased utilization of apheresis platelets)

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Plasma can be converted by

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DR. CHARLES DREW (WWII): pioneered the developing techniques in blood transfusion and blood preservation and led to the widespread establishment of blood banks.

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1941: Dr. Drew was appointed director of the first American Red Cross

blood bank at Presbyterian Hospital. 

LOUTIT AND MOLLISON OF ENGLAND (1943): formula for the

CRYOPRECIPITATION to a clotting factor concentrate that is rich in anti-hemophilic factor (factor VIII).

BLOOD BANKING 

21-42 days: storage of whole blood prepared RBCs (depending on the anticoagulant preservative)

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Current risk of transfusiontransmitted virus: HCV= 1 in 1,390, 000 (6th ed) HBV= 1 in 200,000 (6th ed)

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NAT (Nucleic acid Amplification Testing): one of the reason for the increased safety of the blood supply.

RBC MEMBRANE: 

Represents a semipermeable lipid bilayer supported by a mesh-like protein cytoskeleton structure.

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PHOSPHOLIPIDS: main lipid component of the membrane (arranged in bilayer)

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INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS: proteins that extend from the outer surface and span the entire membrane to the inner cytoplasmic side of the RBC.

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PERIPHERAL PROTEINS: second class of membrane proteins.

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Proteins and lipids (not equally distributed) are arranged asymmetrically.

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EXTERNAL LAYER: glycolipids and choline phospholipids

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INTERNAL LAYER: amino phospholipids

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Biochemical composition of RBC membrane: 52% PROTEIN, 40% LIPID AND 8% CARBOHYDRATES.

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Normal length of RBC survival: 120 days

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TWO IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF RBC: DEFORMABILITY AND

METABOLIC PATHWAYS: 

RBC’s metabolic pathways are anaerobic.

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Divided into three anaerobic glycolytic pathway: PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY, METHEMOGLOBIN REDUCTASE PATHWAY, and LUEBERING RAPOPORT SHUNT.

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Glycolysis generates about 90% of the ATP needed by the RBC and 10% is provided by the pentose phosphate pathway.

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LUEBERING-RAPOPORT SHUNT: permits the accumulation of an important RBC organic phosphate, 2,3diphosphoglycerate (2,3DPG)

PERMEABILITY

RBC PRESERVATION:...