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Chapter 19 – Blood

A&P II

Fall 2015

Vocabulary Plasma : colorless fluid part of the blood where fat globules are suspended Albumin: protein that is soluble in water and coaguble by heat Fibrinogen: soluble protein in blood plasma Hematocrit: ratio of RBC’s to the total volume of blood Buffy coat: fraction of anticoagulated blood sample that contains most of the white blood cells and platelets viscosity: state of being thick Hemopoiesis: production of blood cells and platelets which occurs in the bone marrow Erythropoiesis: production of red blood cells Erythrocyte: RBC Erythropoietin: hormone secreted by kidneys that inc rate of production of RBC in response to low oxygen Hemolysis: rupture/destruction of RBC Hypoxia: deficiency in oxygen reaching tissues Antibody: blood protein produced in response to/counteracting a specific antigen Coagulation: clotting of blood Hemostasis: stopping of blood flow Thrombus: blood clot in vascular system that impedes blood flow Embolus: blood clot, fatty deposit, or object that has been carried in the bloodstream and lodged in a vessel Functions of Blood 1. Transport of gasses, protein, nutrients, hormones, waste 2. Regulation of pH and ion (electrolyte) composition 3. By clotting, restrict blood loss at injury sites 4. Transport of immune system cells 5. Stabilizes body system temperature Blood composition and Characteristics (Fig 19.1)  What type of tissue is blood? Connective tissue o Plasma  Thicker than water  Proteins in plasma:  Albumin- maintain osmotic pressure in blood  Globulins- immune system  Fibrinogen- clotting  Regulatory proteins- enzymes and hormones o Formed elements  Red blood cells (RBC) or Erythrocytes  White blood cells (WBC) or Leukocytes  Platelets Plasma:  Composition o Plasma proteins  Viscosity and osmolarity – colloid osmotic pressure o Solutes (1%) electrolytes, nutrients, wastes o Water (92%) RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCS) (figure)  Hematocrit: medical way of finding out % of blood made up of RBC

o How is this determined? By taking a blood supply and centrifuging it o Normal levels: 55% plasma and 5% RBC 

Hemoglobin o Structure (Fig 19.3)

Hematopoiesis  Hematopoiesis is the formation of the formed elements (making new things)  Starts with a Hemopoietic stem cell: o Myeloid stem cells: RBC, platelets, some WBC o Lymphoid stem cells: lymphocytes Erythropoiesis (Fig 19.5) Erythropoiesis: Formation of RBC’s in our bone marrow

RBC death and disposal (Fig 19.4)  Hemolysis: rupture/destruction of RBC Erythrocyte disorders  Blood types –  Determined by the presence or absence of specific surface proteins RBCs (act as antigens)  (Fig 19.6a)

Type A Type B Type AB Type O

Type A Yes No Yes No

Type B No Yes Yes No

Type AB No No Yes No

Type O Yes Yes Yes yes

universal donor= O; universal receiver= AB 

Our blood type is also given with a + or – o Rh+ for the presence of D surface antigens on RBCs o Rh- for the absence of D surface antigens on RBCs o (Fig 19.8)

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCs) or LEUKOCYTES (Fig 19.9)  Characteristics: immune system  Types (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas) o Granulocytes  Neutrophils: chemically neutral, highly mobile, attacks/engulfs bacteria  Eosinophils: 2-4% of WBC, attack objects coated with antibodies  Basophils: rare, injury sites o Agranulocytes  Monocytes: aggressive, engulf large things  Lymphocytes  T cells- cell mediated immunity/blocks foreign invaders,  B cells- humoral immunity/production of antibodies,  NK cells- immune surveillance/detection and destruction of abnormal cells)  Fig 19.10  Abnormalities Hemostasis: control of bleeding and clot formation o Platelets (thrombocytes) 

Phases of hemostasis o Vascular spasm (Fig 19.11a) o Platelet plug formation (Fig 19.11b)  platelet aggregation: platelets stick to each other and form platelet plug  platelet activation: secrete chemicals to stimulate aggregation o Coagulation phase/clotting (Fig 19.11c)  Goal of clotting is for thrombin to convert the fibrinogen into fibrin  Clotting is a positive feedback loop  Clinical note  Thrombosis: abnormal clot in unbroken vessel  Embolus: clot that travels through the bloodstream until it gets stuck and blocks a vessel

Fibrinolysis

Review questions: 1. List the major functions of blood. a. Transport of gasses and nutrients b. Regulation of pH c. Restrict blood loss by clotting d. Immune system cells e. Stabilize body system temperature 2. Identify the composition of formed elements in blood. a. Red blood cells b. White blood cells c. Platelets 3. What two components make up whole blood? a. Plasma and RBC 4. List the three major types of plasma proteins. a. Albumin- osmotic pressure b. Globulin- immune system c. Fibrinogen- clotting 5. What would be the effects of a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins? a. 6. Describe hemoglobin. a. Hemoglobin is the red pigment that binds O2 and CO2 b. For each RBC there are 280 million Hb 7. How would the hematocrit change after an individual suffered a significant blood loss? a. Plasma is higher and RBC count is lower because they take longer to replace 8. What is the function of surface antigens on RBCs? a. They distinguish what kind of blood type a person has. People will B-anitgens will kill off any B cells and people with A antigens will kill off any A blood 9. Which blood type can be safely transfused into a person with type O blood? a. Any 10. Why can’t a person with type A blood safely receive blood from a person with type B blood? a. People with type A blood carry B anitgens 11. What is the primary function of platelets? a. To aid in the clotting process 12. What is hemopoiesis? a. Production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in bone marrow 13. What is the role of erythropoietin in the regulation of RBC production? a. Produces red blood cells 14. What happens to each component of a RBC and its hemoglobin when it dies and disintegrates? a. Hemoglobin is broken up…iron is sent to bone marrow by transferrin protein. 15. Describe the cause, prevention and treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn. a. Cause: when mother is Rh- and baby is Rh+, mom develops D antibodies, during second pregnancy those D anitgens cross over the placenta and destroy the baby’s Rh+ RBC b. Prevention/treatment: Rhogam, drug that protects the baby’s RBC 16. In what respect does blood clotting represent a negative feedback loop? What part of it is a positive feedback loop? a. Negative feedback: there is a problem with blood loss in the body, so the body is trying to fix it by clotting and stopping the blood loss in order to return to normal (homeostasis) b. Positive feedback: The body’s blood clots increasingly more until the blood loss is fixed 17. Identify the five types of white blood cells. a. Neutrohpils i. First to arrive on scene b. Eosinophil

i. Phagocytize antigen-antibodies c. Lymphocytes i. T, B, NK d. Monocytes i. Aggressive and engulf large things e. Basophils i. Rare, at injury sites only 18. What is the overall function of leukocytes? a. Immune system and protecting the body against sickness...