C16 Marine Communities PDF

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True / False 1. If an environment is changed by disruption, a different climax community always establishes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 16-3 Marine Communities Changes as Time Passes LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-3-1 - Explain how a climax community forms and illustrate ways in which it can be disrupted. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: A disrupted climax community can be reestablished through the process of succession, the orderly changes of a community’s species composition from temporary inhabitants to longterm inhabitants. Only if the environment is permanently changed by the disruption, a different climax community will be established than was previously present. 2. The carrying capacity is the number of individuals an environment can support. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 16-2 Communities Consist of Interacting Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-2-5 - Diagram a population growth curve, differentiating between systems with and without environmental resistance. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: The number of organisms in an environment cycles around the carrying capacity of the environment. The carrying capacity changes if environmental conditions change. 3. Most tropical reefs form in areas with low wave energy so the force does not crush them. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 16-5 Examples of Shallow Benthic and Open Ocean Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-5-1 - Describe the high diversity within a coral reef environment and the factors in its success. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: Tropical coral reefs typically form in areas of high wave energy. Reef organisms prefer to build into high-energy environments in an attempt to be first to obtain dissolved and suspended material in the water. 4. Black sand beaches are particularly difficult intertidal regions to survive because of their high temperatures. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 16-4 Examples of Shoreline Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-4-2 - Describe the rigors associated with life on a sandy beach for small organisms, and compare the species diversity of a beach with that of an intertidal zone. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: Black sand beaches are derived from pulverized lava on tropical volcanic islands such as Hawai’i. Besides all the typical difficulties associated with intertidal zones, black sands have the ability to store solar heat until temperatures approach 71°C just below the surface of the

sand. 5. The most successful organisms in a community have the most surviving offspring. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 16-3 Marine Communities Changes as Time Passes LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-3-4 - Evaluate how changes to a community's ecology might impact its population. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: The most successful organisms have the most surviving offspring; so useful inheritable variations are passed along in greater quantity to the next generation. 6. Biodiversity refers to the many different habitats organisms live in. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 16-2 Communities Consist of Interacting Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-2-2 - Hypothesize how the biodiversity of a coral reef system would be different from a deep open ocean environment. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: Biodiversity is the variety of species in a given area. 7. Zooplankton are autotrophic plankton and one of the main groups of primary producers. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 16-5 Examples of Shallow Benthic and Open Ocean Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-5-2 - Differentiate among the various species that make up a planktonic community, and identify the only feature common to all plankton. OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand NOTES: Zooplankton are heterotrophic plankton (the planktonic organisms that eat the primary producers). Zooplankton are the most numerous primary consumers of the ocean. They graze on larger cyanobacteria, diatoms, dinoflagellates, and other phytoplankton at the bottom of the trophic pyramid. 8. In a stable community, multiple populations can occupy the same "job" to ensure biodiversity. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 16-2 Communities Consist of Interacting Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-3-4 - Evaluate how changes to a community's ecology might impact its population. NOTES: When members of different populations compete, one population may be so successful in its “job” that it eliminates competing populations. In a stable community, two populations cannot occupy the same niche for long. Eventually the more-effective competitor overwhelms the less-effective one. 9. The conditions of the deep ocean, such as eternal darkness, cold temperatures, hypersalinity, and high pressure, limits the extent of deep-ocean floor communities.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 16-6 Examples of Deep Sea Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-6-1 - Outline the adaptations that deep pelagic and benthic communities share. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: This was what scientist thought about the deep ocean floor prior to the 1980s. Researchers then began to study the ocean bottoms, only to discover an average of 4,500 organisms per square meter. 10. Marine communities evolve more rapidly than terrestrial communities. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 16-3 Marine Communities Changes as Time Passes LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-3-1 - Explain how a climax community forms and illustrate ways in which it can be disrupted. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: Marine communities generally do not evolve as rapidly as terrestrial communities. The slow changes associated with seafloor spreading, climate cycles, atmospheric composition, or newly evolved species have shaped this generally slow evolution. 11. Many large intertidal plants must be slippery in addition to being strong and elastic to avoid being shredded by the intense wave energy of the intertidal. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 16-4 Examples of Shoreline Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-4-1 - Assess the reasons for the great diversity and success of organisms within the intertidal zone and summarize the hardships that must be overcome to survive in this zone. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: The wave shock can do great damage to plants and animals alike. This physical factor to intertidal zones can pick up large rocks and throw them into the air when there is enough wave force. 12. Salt marshes exhibit greater species diversity than estuarine marshes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 16-4 Examples of Shoreline Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-4-3 - Compare and contrast the physical factors and species diversity of a salt marsh and an estuary. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: Estuarine marshes are richer and exhibit greater species diversity than marshes exposed only to seawater. Primary productivity in estuaries is often extraordinarily high because of the availability of nutrients, the great variety of organisms present, strong sunlight, and the large number of niches.

13. Hydrothermal vents are called "black smokers" because of the black water emitting from the vents due to the precipitation of inorganic sulfides. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 16-6 Examples of Deep Sea Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-6-3 - Discuss how whale fall communities can lead to hydrothermal vent communities. OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand NOTES: The heated water coming up through the vents dissolved minerals from the surrounding basaltic rock. As this water emerged and cooled, some inorganic sulfides precipitated, turning the water black, hence the term “black smoker”. 14. Deep scattering layers are best developed in regions with high surface productivity. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 16-5 Examples of Shallow Benthic and Open Ocean Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-5-4 - Define the deep scattering layer and explain the feeding behavior of its inhabitants. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: The deep scattering layers is most pronounced during daylight hours, when members of the community congregate at the lowest limit of light penetration. At nightfall, many of the organisms migrate to the surface to feed on plankton. 15. More than half of the animal species, marine and terrestrial, are not considered to be free-living. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 16-7 Organisms in Communities can Live in Symbiosis REFERENCES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-7-1 - List and define the different types of symbiosis. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: Most animals are not considered to be free-living because most are actively involved in close symbiotic relationships with at least one other life-form in their community. These relationships are often intricate and sometimes quite strange. Multiple Choice 16. What is a population? a. A group of organisms of the same species occupying a specific area b. The number of different species in an area c. The largest marine ecosystem d. A group of interacting organisms of different species at a particular location e. A group of organisms of the same species in several locations ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 16-1 Marine Organisms Live in Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-1-1 - Define the terms community and population. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: A population is a group of organisms of the same species occupying a specific area. The

location of a community and the populations that comprise it depend on the physical and biological characteristics of that living space. 17. Where is the largest marine community located? a. intertidal community b. surface of ocean c. between the photic zone and the deep bottom d. open ocean e. coastal zones ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 16-1 Marine Organisms Live in Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-1-2 - Identify the largest marine community and describe its unique characteristics. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: The largest marine community, also the most sparsely populated, lies within the uniform mass of permanently dark water between the sunlit surface and the deep bottom. Few animals live there because so little food is available, but those organisms that survive are among the strangest in the ocean. 18. Which distribution pattern is the rarest in nature? a. random distribution b. uniform distribution c. clumped distribution d. irregular distribution e. arbitrary distribution ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 16-2 Communities Consist of Interacting Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-2-6 - Discuss the various population distribution patterns that may occur within a habitat with an example. Bloom’s: Understand OTHER: NOTES: Uniform distribution, with equal space between individuals, such as the arrangement of trees planted in orchards, is the rarest natural pattern of all. 19. What is the study of the balance between environmental factors and organisms in a community? a. ecology b. biogeochemistry c. biodiversity d. biology e. bioeconomics ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 16-2 Communities Consist of Interacting Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-2-4 - Evaluate how changes to a community's ecology might impact its population. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: A favorable balance of physical and biological factors is critical to each individual organism’s success, and therefore to community success and longevity. Ecology is the study of this balance, and of the relationships of organisms and interactions within communities. 20. What is environmental resistance?

a. The decline in population growth b. The sum of the effects of the limiting factors on the environment c. The maximum population growth in an environment d. The movement of one population against another e. The carrying capacity of an environment ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 16-2 Communities Consist of Interacting Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-2-5 - Diagram a population growth curve, differentiating between systems with and without environmental resistance. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: The environmental conditions are not usually ideal. The sum of the effects of the limiting factors can quickly slow the rate of population growth. Environmental resistance causes the actual population growth curve to be lower than the maximum potential growth curve. 21. What is a niche? a. An organism's physical location in a community b. The amount of different species in a community c. An organism's occupation within a habitat d. The number of populations in a community e. The range of species in a habitat ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 16-2 Communities Consist of Interacting Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-2-1 - Create an example of a habitat, and describe an organism's role in that habitat in relation to a niche. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: An organism’s niche is its “occupation” within that habitat, its relationship to food and enemies, an expression of what the organism is doing. 22. The grazing of phytoplankton by copepods would be an example of a(n) _____ influencing a community. a. physical factor b. environmental occurrence c. biological niche d. biological factor e. diverse adaptation ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 16-2 Communities Consist of Interacting Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-2-3 - Outline some of the physical and biological factors that influence a community. OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand NOTES: Biological factors are influences on an organism by members of its own population or other populations, in its own or other communities. Biological factors include crowding, predation, grazing, parasitism, shading from light, generation of waste substances, and competition for limited oxygen. 23. Which area is most likely to have the most populous and diverse community of organisms? a. deep ocean b. surface of a polar ocean c. cobble beaches

d. surface of temperate ocean e. intertidal zone ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 16-4 Examples of Shoreline Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-4-1 - Assess the reasons for the great diversity and success of organisms within the intertidal zone and summarize the hardships that must be overcome to survive in this zone. OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand NOTES: The intertidal zone (the band between the highest high tide and lowest low tide) is one of Earth's most densely populated areas. 24. How much biomass in tropical coral reefs is attributed to the coral alone? a. 15% b. 30% c. 50% d. 75% e. 90% ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 16-5 Examples of Shallow Benthic and Open Ocean Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-5-1 - Describe the high diversity within a coral reef environment and the factors in its success. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: Corals are by no means the only participants in reef life; they may account for only about half of the biomass in these areas. 25. What process reestablishes climax communities after a major disruption to the environment? a. progression b. carrying capacity c. desiccation d. succession e. stress tolerance ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 16-3 Marine Communities Changes as Time Passes LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-3-1 - Explain how a climax community forms and illustrate ways in which it can be disrupted. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: A disrupted climax community can be reestablished through the process of succession, the orderly changes of a community’s species composition from temporary inhabitants to longterm inhabitants. Disruption makes the environment more hostile to the original species, but destruction of species in the original community leaves open habitats and niches. 26. What is a climax community? a. The first community after a large disruption b. A new, growing community c. A community experiencing a disruption d. The decline of a community after it peaks e. A stable, long-established community ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: 16-3 Marine Communities Changes as Time Passes LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-3-1 - Explain how a climax community forms and illustrate ways in which it can be disrupted. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: A stable, long-established community is known as a climax community. This selfperpetuating aggregation of species tends not to change unless disrupted by severe external forces, such as violent storms, significant changes in current patterns, epidemic diseases, or influx of great amounts of freshwater or pollutants. 27. What is the most important physical environmental factor in intertidal communities? a. temperature b. salinity c. density d. pressure e. rise and fall of tides ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 16-4 Examples of Shoreline Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-4-1 - Assess the reasons for the great diversity and success of organisms within the intertidal zone and summarize the hardships that must be overcome to survive in this zone. OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand NOTES: The most obvious and important physical factor in intertidal communities is the rise and fall of the tides. Organisms living between the high- and low-tide marks experience very different conditions from those residing below the low-tide line. 28. What community typically has the highest biomass per unit of surface area? a. rocky intertidal b. estuary c. sandy beach d. deep ocean e. open ocean ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 16-4 Examples of Shoreline Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-4-3 - Compare and contrast the physical factors and species diversity of a salt marsh and an estuary. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: The standing biomass (mass of living matter per unit area or volume) in a typical estuary is among the highest per unit of surface area of any marine community. 29. Which area is most likely to contain brackish water? a. sandy beach b. estuary c. deep ocean d. surface open ocean e. coral reef ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 16-4 Examples of Shoreline Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-4-3 - Compare and contrast the physical factors and species diversity of a salt marsh and an estuary.

OTHER: NOTES:

Bloom’s: Understand The salinity of water within an estuary may vary with tidal fluctuations, from seawater through brackish water (mixed saltwater and freshwater) to freshwater. In areas near the river entrance, the water may be almost fresh, whereas near the outlet it may be of oceanic salinity.

30. Which plankton are the most numerous primary consumers of the ocean? a. cyanobacteria b. diatoms c. dinoflagellates d. coccolithophores e. zooplankton ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 16-5 Examples of Shallow Benthic and Open Ocean Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-5-2 - Differentiate among the various species that make up a planktonic community, and identify the only feature common to all plankton. OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand NOTES: Heterotrophic plankton, the planktonic organisms that eat the primary producers, are collectively called zooplankton. Zooplankters are the most numerous primary consumers of the ocean. They graze on larger cyanobacteria, diatoms, dinoflagellates, and other phytoplankton at the bottom of the trophic pyramid. 31. An animal that is tightly attached to rocks during intense wave activity is said to be ____. a. sessile b. motile c. desiccated d. benthic e. brackish ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 16-4 Examples of Shoreline Marine Communities LEARNING OBJECTIVES: OCEA.GARR.16.16-4-1 - Assess the reasons for the great diversity and success of organisms within the intertidal zone and summarize the hardships that must be overcome to survive in this zone. OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember NOTES: When exposed to wave shock, sessile animals will attach to objects and hang on tightly, often gaining assistance from rounded or very low-profile shells, which deflect the violent forces of rushing water around their bodies. 32. Copepods belong to which group? a. coccolithophores b. dinoflagellates c. diatoms d. zooplankton e. cyanobacteria ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 16-5 Examples of Shallow Benthic and Open Ocean Marine Communities LE...