C8546 Developmental Psychology 2017-18 Sample with Answers PDF

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C8546

THE UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX BSc SECOND YEAR EXAMINATION 2017-18

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY SAMPLE PAPER

DO NOT TURN OVER UNTIL INSTRUCTED TO BY THE CHIEF INVIGILATOR INSTRUCTIONS Answer all parts of Sections A and B and one further question from Section C. Section A carries 40%, Section B carries 30% and Section C carries 30% of the marks. Time allowed: 2 hours SECTION A The answers to this section, one to each question, should be marked on the answer sheet provided. [40 multiple choice questions each with 4 alternatives] SECTION B The answers to this section, should be marked on the test booklet. [10 short questions] SECTION C Answer one question from this section in the answer book provided. [8 choices of essay question] 1. 2.

Do not write your name on the question paper or answer sheet/book. Do not tear off any part of this question paper.

3.

At the end of the examination the question paper and answer sheet/book, used or unused, will be collected from you before you leave the examination room.

C8546 Developmental Psychology

SECTION A 1. The validity of test refers to: a) b) c) d)

The consistency of the measure The degree to which two raters agree on its results The degree to which it measures what it is intended to measure All of the above

[Note: If d) is the correct answer, no credit will be given for answering a), b) or c)]

2. Cross-sectional designs are particularly useful for examining: a) b) c) d)

Continuity and discontinuity in development Age differences on a particular variable The processes that produce change All of the above

[Note: If d) is the correct answer, no credit will be given for answering a), b) or c)]

3. Early embryonic development, after the first cell division (cleavage) and before the formation of the blastocoel (cavity), the fertilized ovum is known as the: a) b) c) d)

Blastocyst Zygote Oocyte Morula

4. In 1981, Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel won the Nobel Prize for their work on the development of ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex of kittens. Which of the following statements follow from their research? a) b) c) d)

There are ‘critical’ or ‘sensitive’ periods in cortical plasticity Binocular vision is insensitive to environmental input Both a) and b) Neither a) nor b)

[Note: If c) is the correct answer, no credit will be given for answering a) or b)]

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5. Which of the following facts were not used by Butterworth (e.g., 2001) to support his nativist theory of human pointing? a) b) c) d)

High frequency of pincer grips in human infants Resting state of the index finger in humans Whole-hand pointing by apes Index-finger pointing by apes

6. Moore and Corkum (1994) predicted, on the basis of operant learning theory, that human babies would come to expect which of the following caregiver responses to their protodeclarative points? a) b) c) d)

Head turn toward the referent of the point An interesting infant-directed response Neither a or nor b Both a and b

[Note: If d) is the correct answer, no credit will be given for answering a) or b)]

7. In developing human brains, Schwann cells produce: a) b) c) d)

Microtin Glia Myelin Plasticin

8. In humans, which of the following organs is vulnerable to teratogenic insult for the longest prenatal (antenatal) period? a) b) c) d)

Heart Eyes Teeth Brain

9. Newborn infants prefer to listen to: a) b) c) d)

A novel woman’s voice over their own mother’s voice A novel story over a familiar story Their mother’s language over another language They have no auditory preferences 2

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C8546 Developmental Psychology

10. Which of the following is a true statement about infants’ ability to distinguish between speech sounds? a) b) c) d)

Babies must learn to distinguish between speech sounds as they learn which contrasts are important for their native language Babies gain the ability to distinguish between speech sounds that are not used in their native language as they mature Newborns possess an innate ability to discriminate between speech sounds they have never heard before Newborns can only discriminate between speech sounds they have heard before

11. The first time John hears the word ‘adults’ is when his father explains to him that the locked cabinet is for ‘adults, and not children.’ John uses the contrastive use of the familiar word, ‘children,’ with the unfamiliar word, ‘adults’, to learn this new word. John has learned the new word by a process referred to as: a) b) c) d)

Overextension Holophrastic learning Referencing Fast mapping

12. Children are most likely to extend a novel noun to a novel object with the same: a) b) c) d)

Texture Shape Colour Size

13. Which of the following is an example of overextension? a) b) c) d)

Using the word ‘cup’ for any container that holds liquid, including vases and birdbaths Substituting easier sounds for ones that are hard to say, e.g., saying “free” instead of ‘three’ Expressing a desire to be read to by using a single word, ‘book’ Leaving out difficult parts of words, e.g., saying “tend” instead of ‘pretend’

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14. Saffran and colleagues showed that infants can segment a continuous speech stream of phonemes into ‘words’ using which of the following cues: a) b) c) d)

The statistics of how often one phoneme was followed by another The frequency of how often each phoneme occurred Timing cues like breaks in common natural language Pitch cues like those in infant directed speech

15. Which of the following statements about the heritability of temperament is true? a) b) c) d)

Temperament is only influenced by genetic factors Temperament is not influenced by genetic factors Heritability is demonstrated by MZ twins being more similar than DZ twins Heritability is demonstrated by MZ twin and DZ twins being equally similar in terms of their temperament

16. Which one of the following statements regarding behavioural genetic designs is false? a) b) c) d)

The degree to which MZ twins are dissimilar to one another is a direct measure of nonshared environment The degree to which DZ twins are similar to one another is a direct measure of shared environment The degree to which adoptive siblings are similar to one another is a direct measure of shared environment The degree to which nonadoptive siblings are similar to one another is accounted for by genetic and environmental factors

17. Behavioural genetic studies of general cognitive ability (i.e., IQ) indicate that shared environmental influences: a) b) c) d)

Are substantial throughout development Are negligible throughout development Increase across development Decrease across development

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C8546 Developmental Psychology

18. The basic understanding of desires, beliefs, perceptions and emotions is referred to as the Theory of: a) b) c) d)

Behaviour Mind Thought Opinion

19. Tina, a three-year-old, is shown a Cheerio box and then shown that it contains marbles. If asked what her friend Marc will think upon seeing the box for the first time, Tina will most likely say that Marc will think it contains: a) b) c) d)

Cheerios Marbles Raisin bran Nothing

20. By what age do children typically succeed on false-belief and appearance-reality problems? a) b) c) d)

2 years 3 years 5 years 8 years

21. Which of the following is NOT one of Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning? a) b) c) d)

Conventional Unconventional Postconventional Preconventional

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22. Which of the following comparisons between Piaget and Kohlberg’s theories of moral judgement is true: a) b) c) d)

Both agreed that to young children, right and wrong is determined by obedience to rules and authority figures Both agreed on the number of stages individuals passed through before achieving mature moral reasoning Both agreed that all typically developing individuals advance to the highest level of moral reasoning Piaget believed that development of moral reasoning was continuous, whereas Kohlberg believed it was discontinuous

23. At what age do children begin to differentiate between others’ emotional distress and their own? a) b) c) d)

3-12 months 6-14 months 9-18 months 2 years

24. The realisation that all sets of a particular number of objects have something in common is referred to as: a) b) c) d)

Numerical equality Numerical inequality Subitising Counting commonalities

25. Which of the following components is needed in soft assembly in order to successfully accomplish reaching? a) b) c) d)

Control arm extension Stable base Both of the above None of the above

[Note: If c) is the correct answer, no credit will be given for answering a) or b)]

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C8546 Developmental Psychology

26. A toddler tries to sit in a miniature chair. This is an example of: a) b) c) d)

Overextension error Scale error Conservation error Balance error

27. Which of the following approaches do many current theorists of motor development take? a) b) c) d)

Piagetian approach Evolutionary approach Changing modules approach Dynamic systems approach

28. Piaget believed that young infants’ failure to reach for a hidden object indicated that they: a) b) c) d)

Were no longer interested in the object Were unaware of the existence of the object Were unable to reach the object Were unable to uncover the object

29. Infants do not make the A-not-B error when: a) b) c) d)

The object is not hidden out of sight The object is visible under a transparent cover They are required only to look, and not to search All of the above

[Note: If d) is the correct answer, no credit will be given for answering a), b) or c)]

30. At what age do children typically develop gender identity (the ability to label correctly)? a) b) c) d)

1 ½ years 2 ½ years 3 ½ years 6 years

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C8546 Developmental Psychology

31. Which of the following statements about gender development is true? a) b) c) d)

Horizontal associations are understood after vertical associations 3-year-old children are aware of horizontal associations Children learn horizontal associations for other-sex information prior to own-sex information Girls learn vertical associations prior to boys

32. Gender is: a) b) c) d)

Synonymous with biological sex A multi-dimensional construct Genetically determined Under parental control

33. Which of Erikson's Psychosocial Stages characterizes adolescence? a) b) c) d)

Industry vs. Inferiority Intimacy vs. Isolation Identity vs. Identity diffusion Initiative vs. Guilt

34. Which of Marcia's Identity Statuses is defined as the active period of exploration when individuals examine alternatives in an attempt to arrive at a choice: a) b) c) d)

Identity achievement Moratorium Foreclosure Identity diffusion

35. Effective dependency in the infant-caregiver relationship is associated with what longitudinal outcome: a) b) c) d)

Impulsivity Autonomy Irritability None of the above

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36. A secure infant-caregiver relationship is associated with what features of dyadic interactions: a) b) c) d)

Distress-relief cycles Shared positive affect Arousal escalation and de-escalation All of the above

[Note: if d) is the correct answer, no marks will be given for answering a), b) or c)]

37. An infant’s tendency to be more readily upset when one separation follows a preceding separation-reunion experience (despite the fact that the same distance threshold is crossed) is indicative that attachment is likely tied to which main goal: a) b) c) d)

Proximity Felt security Positive affect Affect regulation

38. By what age do most children pass the rouge test for self-recognition: a) b) c) d)

6 months 12 months 22 months 34 months

39. What term is used for how competent others (e.g., parents) can structure children’s experiences in order for them to test and move beyond the boundaries of their current capabilities: a) b) c) d)

Scaffolding Protecting Availability None of the above

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C8546 Developmental Psychology

40. Which of the following best describes the normative developmental pattern of fears concerning physical danger and fears concerning social evaluation across childhood: a) b) c)

d)

Fears concerning physical danger and fears concerning social evaluation both typically remain stable as children get older Fears concerning physical danger and fears concerning social evaluation both typically decrease as children get older Fears concerning physical danger typically decrease as children get older and fears concerning social evaluation typically increase as children get older Fears concerning physical danger typically increase as children get older and fears concerning social evaluation typically decrease as children get older

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C8546 Developmental Psychology

SECTION B 41. Draw lines to match the following terms with their quick definitions: Cross-sectional design

Compare children to themselves for a short period of time

Longitudinal design

Compare children to themselves for a relatively long period of time

Micro-genetic design

Compare different children

42. What is the Moro reflex? (Define your answer to this question in 1-2 sentences.)

43. Number the following stages in order: ___ Embryo ___ Fetus ___ Zygote

44. What is the shape bias and what kind(s) of stimuli would you use to test it?

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45. According to Buss and Plomin’s personality approach to temperament, what are the three constituents of temperament that show significant genetic influence? 1.

______________________________________________

2.

______________________________________________

3.

______________________________________________

46. Describe the study by Spencer and Spence (1986) claiming to demonstrate fetal learning.

47. What adaptive outcome does the child’s experience of conflict in the motherchild relationship in the second year of life serve according to Mahler?

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C8546 Developmental Psychology

48. According to dynamic systems theory, why does the stepping reflex disappear and how can a researcher make it re-appear?

49. A twin study of anxiety in children reveals an MZr = .50, a DZr = .25. By comparing these correlations, estimate the relative influences of: a)

Genetic influence? _________

b)

Shared environment? _________

c)

Non shared environment? _______

50. List two problems of the socialisation theories of gender development:

1.

______________________________________________

2.

______________________________________________

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C8546 Developmental Psychology

SECTION C Please answer one of the following essay questions in the answer book provided:

51. What are the implications of pointing for understanding human cognitive development?

52. How do self-conscious emotions arise? Discuss the role of self-conscious emotions in children’s development.

53. Critically evaluate whether children who have not started school understand arithmetic.

54. Critically evaluate evidence that parents influence their children’s gender development.

55. Discuss the role of genetic and environmental factors in child psychological development with reference to specific empirical research.

56. What are the main challenges to developmental psychology research? How and to what extent might researchers be able to overcome them?

57. Critically evaluate the validity and usefulness of the Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

58. Discuss the role of vicarious learning in the development of childhood fears with reference to specific empirical research

END OF PAPER

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C8546 Developmental Psychology

SECTION A ANSWERS Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 Q19 Q20 Q21 Q22 Q23 Q24 Q25 Q26 Q27 Q28 Q29 Q30 Q31 Q32 Q33 Q34 Q35 Q36 Q37 Q38 Q39 Q40

C A D A D D C D C C D B A A C B D B B C B A B A C B D B C B A B C B B D B C A C

SECTION B ANSWERS Q4 1

different

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C8546 Developmental Psychology

Q4 2 Q4 3

Q4 4

Q4 5

Q4 6

Q4 7 Q4 8

Q4 9

Q5 0

long short When infants fall they flail out with their arms then bring them back in (i.e. they spread out then unspread their arms) 2 3 1 The bias to name/refer to objects that are similar in shape with te same name (e.g. chairs, balls, bowtie pasta an exemplar and a) shape match that doesn’t match in material or colour b) material match that doesn’t match in shape or colour possible c) a colour match that doesn't match in shape or material emotionality activity sociability Answers should include the facts that mothers read stories aloud in late pregnancy, when tested later, babies were divided into two groups and headphones placed on their heads. They were also given special dummies. The familiar story was transmitted via the headphones to one ear, and a novel story to the other ear. In one group, babies could amplify the familiar story with faster dummy sucking; in the other group, babies could amplify the familiar story with slower dummy-sucking. Babies displayed a preference for the familiar story. The development of autonomy. Babies gain weight and leg muscles are too weak to lift their fat, little legs Put the baby in water (safely) or have the baby lay down on its back ←reflex will look like kicking 50% 0% 50% Adevelopmental: doesn’t account for developmental changes in children’s gender-stereotyped belief Major mechanisms of the theory (parental reinforcement and modelling) haven’t been supported consistently by research

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