Developmental Psychology Chapter 5 PDF

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This is a study guide for chapter 5 to help on the test and quizzes. These are concepts and terms that need to be known....

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1/3 Developmental Psychology Chapter 5 Study Guide for Test 2 Animism The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of

action. Centration The focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of

all others. child-centered kindergarten Education that involves the whole child by considering

both the child’s physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and the child’s needs, interests, and learning styles. Conservation In Piaget’s theory, awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s

appearance does not change its basic properties. developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) Education that focuses on the typical

developmental patterns of children (age appropriateness) and the uniqueness of each child (individual appropriateness). Egocentrism The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone

else’s (salient feature of the first substage of preoperational thought). executive attention Involves planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting

and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances. executive function An umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level

cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortex. Executive function involves managing one’s thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and to use self-control.

2/3 fast mapping A process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection

between a word and its referent so quickly. intuitive thought substage Piaget’s second substage of preoperational thought, in which

children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions (between about 4 and 7 years of age). Montessori approach An educational philosophy in which children are given

considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire. Morphology Units of meaning involved in word formation. Myelination The process by which axons are covered and insulated with a layer of fat

cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system. Operations In Piaget’s theory, these are internalized, reversible sets of actions that

allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically. Phonology The sound system of a language, including the sounds used and how they

may be combined. Pragmatics The appropriate use of language in different contexts. preoperational stage Piaget’s second stage, lasting from about 2 to 7 years of age,

during which children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings, and symbolic thought goes beyond simple connections of sensory information and physical action; stable concepts are formed, mental reasoning emerges, egocentrism is present, and magical beliefs are constructed.

3/3 Project Head Start A government-funded program that is designed to provide children

from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success. Semantics The meaning of words and sentences. short-term memory The memory component in which individuals retain information

for up to 30 seconds, assuming there is no rehearsal of the information. social constructivist approach An approach that emphasizes the social contexts of

learning and that knowledge is mutually built and constructed. Vygotsky’s theory reflects this approach. sustained attention Also referred to as vigilance; involves focused and extended

engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment. symbolic function substage Piaget’s first substage of preoperational thought, in which

the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present (between about 2 and 4 years of age). syntax The ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences. theory of mind Refers to the awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental

processes of others. zone of proximal development (ZPD) Vygotsky’s term for tasks that are too difficult for

children to master alone but can be mastered with assistance.

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