Summary Developmental Psychology - Chapter 1 PDF

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PSY2105 Chapter One:

-Devel opment al Ps y chol ogy : •f ocusesmai nl yupont hec hangest hatoccuri nbehavi ourt hr oughoutt hel i f espan. •goal s :t odescr i beandexpl ai n[ change] . -Doest heper i odofchi l dhoodc hange,l engt hen,orshor t enwi t hsoci et y? •compar ebef or eandnow. -Chi l dhoodi sast at eofr api dchange.Ear l yex per i encesmayl eadt ol ongt er m effect s . -Compl expr ocessesar emor eeasi l yunder st ooddur i ngt hei rf or mat i on. -Repr oduct i on: •Mor ecommonf orwomant ohav ec hi l dr eni nt hei r30’ s . •Mor ecommonf orcommonl awcoupl est ohav echi l dr en. -Domai nsofDev el opment : •Physi cal

Prenatal

Conception to birth

Infancy and Toddlerhood

Birth to 2 years

E l Childh d Middl Childh d Ad l Emerging Adulthood

2 t 6 6 t 11 11 t 18 18 to 25 years

•Cogni t i v e •Emot i onalandSoci al 1of7

-Er i kEr i kson:Per i odsofDevel opment :

-Theor y :anor der l y ,i nt egr at ed,evi dence-basedsetofst at ement st hatdescr i be,expl ai n,andpr edi ctbehavi our s( gener al l ysomet hi nggr oundedi nr esear c h) . Ear l yDevel opment alTheor i st s:

-JohnLocke: •ar guedt hatchi l dr engai nknowl edget hr oughexper i enceandl ear ni ng. -JeanJ acquesRousseau: •ar guedt hatchi l dr enar ebor nwi t hi nnat eknowl edget hatdr i v esdev el opment . -JohannGot t f r i edVonHer der : •exami ni ng/ eval uat i ngt hes peci ficsofacul t ur ei scr uci ali nunder st andni ngdev el opment .

-Char l esDar wi n: •“Nat ur alSel ect i on”-t r ai t st hatar eadv ant agesmeanssur vi v al andar epassed on. Pi oneer sofChi l dPsychol ogy:

-G.St anl eyHal l : •f oundeddev el opment alps y chol ogyandt heAmer i canPsychAssoci at i on( APA) . -JamesMar kBal dwi n: •Fi r stCanadi anacademi ct ost udydev el opmentandst udychi l ddev el opment . •I dent i fiedt her el at i ons hi pbet weenbi ol ogyanddevel opment( genet i ccomponent s)

-JohnB.Wat son: •f ocusedonobser vabl ebehavi our sandpr oposedt hatbehavi our scanbel ear ned ( condi t i oni ng) 2of7

-Si gmundFr eud: •f ocusedonear l ychi l dhoodexper i encesandr esponsi bl ef orpsychosexual model .

-Er i kEr i kson: •expandedonFr eudandpr ovi ded8st ages( abov e)andt hepsychosoci almodel . Er i kEr i kson:Psychosoci alModel

-Basi cI ssuesi nDev el opment : •Cont i nuousordi scont i nuous ?[ smoot hchangevs .st agesofchance?] •Onecour s eofdev el opmentormany ?[ uni v er sal / nor mat i v ef ocusori ndi vi dual / i deogr aphi cf ocus ?]

•Nat ur eofnur t ur e?[ i nbor n/ bi ol ogi cal ort her esul tofexper i ence/ envi r onment al ] Cogni t i ve-Devel opmentAppr oach:( Pi aget )

-changesi nbehavi ourar i sef r om changesi nt hei rknowl edge/ i nt el l ect ualski l l s[ dev el opi ngr esponsi v e,r eflexl i k ebehavi our s( dr i vi ng,st ai r s ,et c) . ]

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-Goal s :t ospeci f ywhatchi l dr enknowandhowi tchangesordev el ops. Soci oCul t ur alAppr oach:( Vygot sky)

-emphasi spl acedonsoci alpr ocessesandcul t ur al pr act i cesandwhot heyr el at et oi ndi v i dualcogni t i v edev el opment .

-t hr oughi nt er act i onswi t hsoci et ymember swhoar emor eknowl edgabl e,chi l dr enl ear n pr obl em sol vi ng( di al ect i calpr ocess)whi chl eadst oi nt er nal i zat i on.

-Vygot sky :bel i ev edt hati nt er act i onwasnecessar yi nor derf orchi l dr ent ounder st and andl ear ncul t ur es,cust oms,bel i ef s,et c. Ecol ogi calModel :( Br onf enbr enner )

-devel opmentoccur swi t hi nbr oadersoci al andcul t ur al envi r onment -di scusseshowchi l dr enar eembeddedi nmul t i pl eci r cl es -Fi veLevel s: Mi cr osyst ems

Macr osyst ems

Exosyst ems

Mesosyst emss

Chr onosyst ems

•

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-Mi cr oSyst ems: •t hosewhot hechi l di nt er act swi t hmor e.Par t i cul arsmal lset t i ngs( f ami l y ,school , peergr oup,communi t y)t r i ggerr el at i onshi psandshar edact i v i t y .

-Macr osyst ems: •t hesoci et yandsubcul t ur et hechi l dbel ongsi n( bel i efs y st ems,l i f est yl es,l i f e cl asses,l i f echanges)

-Mesosyst ems: •i nt er r el at i onshi psbet weent woormor eofachi l d’ smi cr os y st emsandt hepot ent i al al i gnmentofv al uesduet ot hi s.

-e. gwhenhomeandschool ov er l ap. -Exosyst ems: •ext er i orset t i ngsandci r cumst ancet hati ndi r ect l yi mpactchi l dr en. -e. gt hepar ent ’ sj ob,soci alsuppor t s,envi r onment al f act or s,et c. -Chr onosyst em: •maj orl i f et r ansi t i onsandchangest hatcauseashi f ti nt heot hers yst ems. -e. gmovi nghomes,bei ngexposedt omaj orev ent s,et c. Envi r onment al / Lear ni ngAppr oaches:

-ar guest hathumanbehav i ouri sacqui r edandgai nedasopposedt ot obei ngi nbor n. -Lear ni ng:ar el at i v el yper manentchangei nbehav i ourt hatr esul t sf or m pr act i ceorexper i ence.Consi der edar eflect i onofobs er v edbehav i our s.

Behavi our alPsychol ogy:( B. FSki nner )

-di scussest wodi st i nctf or msofl ear ni ng:Respondent&Oper ant

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-Oper antMet hods:

Classical Conditioning

Stimulus – Response

Operant Conditioning

Reinforcers and Punishments

Social Learning

Modeling

•Behavi our+Rei nf or cement=i ncr easedc hanceofbehav i ourr eocc ur r i ng. •Behavi our+Puni shment=decr easedchanceofbehav i ourr eoccur r i ng. •Rei nf or cement :anobj ectorev entpr esent edf ol l owi ngabehav i our ,i ncr easest he chanceofbehav i ourr eoccur r i ng.

-Posi t i v eRei nf or cer :ar ewar dgi venf ort hedesi r edbehav i our( t r eat ,pr ai se,et c) -Negat i veRei nf or cer :r emov al ofanunpl easantcondi t i on( r emov al f r om t i meout ) -Soci alLear ni ngTheor y: •“ l ear ni ngbydoi ng” ,l ear ni ngoccur st hr oughex per i enceandi nt er act i ons. •sel fl ear ni nganddoi ngcr eat essel fpr ai s e( bei ngpr oudofonesel f ) ,t husl eadi ngt o r eoccur r ence.

-Observat i onalLear ni ng:Emer gesf r om I mi t at i on •Model l i ng:t heoccur r enceofobser v i nganot her ’ sbehav i our sandt heconsequencesofi t .Enabl esust ol ear nappr opr i at esoci al behavi our s,at t i t udes,emot i ons ,et c .t hr oughot her s .

•Pr osoci alandant i soci albehav i our sar el ear nedt hr oughmodel l i ng( peopl e,medi a. ) Evol ut i onar yandBi ol ogi calAppr oaches:Et hol ogy

•f ocusedont her ol eofevol ut i onar ypr ocessesi ndevel opment .Et hol ogi st sar gue t hati nnat ebehavi our sar e:uni v er sal ,r equi r enol ear ni ng,st er eot yped,notenvi r onmentbased. 6of7

•Evol ut i onar yDevel opmentPsychol ogy:[ anexpansi onofEt hol ogy] -obser vesandunder s t andsadapt i v ev al uesofhumancompet enci es . -st udi est hechangesofcogni t i on,emot i onalands oci al compet enci esandhow t heychange[wi t hage] .

-Nat ur al Sel ect i on:at t r i but est hatpr omot esur v i valt hatar epassedon. -Sensi t i vePer i ods: •per i odsi nwhi chl ear ni ngi sbi ol ogi cal l ypr ogr ammedt ooccureasi l y ,apr i met i me f orcer t ai ncapaci t i est oemer ge.

•I mpr i nt i ngr ef er st ot heemot i onalbondf or medbet weenchi l dandt hei rmot her s. •Dur i ngsens i t i v eper i ods,negat i v eex posur eandexper i encescanpot ent i al l yal t er devel opment ,duet ot hei mpor t anceofexposur emeani ngl ear ni ngandunder s t andi ng.

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