Causative verbs - Summary Lingua Inglese PDF

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Causative verbs spiegazione riassunto...

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Caus at i v ec o ns t r uc t i o n 1 .I nt r oduc t i o n Wh a ti sac a u s a t i v ec o n s t r u c t i o n?Ac o ns t r u c t i o ni nwhi c han e wa r gu me n toft h ev e r bi sa d d e d : a )s o me b od yma k e s / h a s / l e t /s o me b o d ye l s edos o me t h i n g . (1) Gi a n n ih af a t t ol e g g e r eu nl i b r oaMa r i a (2) Pa o l ahaf a t t oc u o c e r el ap a s t aaMa r i a Th e r e f o r ei nt h ec a u s a t i v ec on s t r u c t i o nt h e r ea r e b )t wov e r b s ,o n ei st h ec a u s a t i v ev e r b , t h eo t h e ri st h ema i nv e r b( a n di to c c u r si ni t s u n i n fle c t e df o r mo n l yi nI t a l i a n ) c )a“ c a u s e r ”( Gi a nn i ) , a na g e nt( Ma r i a )a n dat he me( l i b r o ) , no t i c et h a ti nI t a l i a nt h ea g e n ti s n o te x p r e s s e di nt h eno mi n a t i v ebu ta sad a t i v ec o mp l e me n to ft h ec a u s a t i v ev e r b . 2 .I t a l i a nc a us a t i v e s

I t a l i a nh a so n l yo n ec a us a t i v ev e r b , n a me l yf ar e ,wh i c hi su s e di nt h eI t a l i a ne q ui v a l e nt so fa l lt h e En g l i s he x a mp l e swewi l ls e eb e l o w. Thev e r bl a s c i a r eh a se x c l u s i v e l yt heme a n i n go fp e r me t t e r e a n da ss u c hi sn o tar e a lc a u s a t i v ev e r b . Th es y n t a c t i cp r o p e r t i e soft h eI t a l i a nc a u s a t i v ec o n s t r u c t i o na r et h ef o l l o wi n g : a )i nI t a l i a nt h ema i nv e r ba l wa y so c c u r si nt h ei n fin i t i v a lf o r m wi t h o u ta n yp r e p o s i t i o n (3) Pa o l oh af a t t o( *a, *d i *c o n , *p e r )l e g g e r eu nl i b r oaMa r i a b )ne ga t i o n ,c l i t i cp r o n o un sa l wa y sp r e c e d et h ev e r b (4) Ma r i an o nh af a t t or i p a r a r el ama c c h i n aa l / d a lme c c a ni c o (5) Ma r i an o ng l ih af a t t or i p a r a r el ama c c h i n a (6) Ma r i as ièf a t t ar i p a r a r el ama c c h i n a

3 .Engl i s hc a us a t i v e s I nEn g l i s ht h e r ea r es e v e r a lc a u s a t i v ev e r b swi t hpa r t i a l l yd i ffe r e ntb e h a v i o u r s :ha v e ,g e t , c a u s e , ma k e . Ca u s a t i v ev e r b sc a nd i ffe ra c c o r d i n gt ot h et y p eo fc o mp l e me n tt h e yc a nt a k e : (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

The bad weather caused the plane to crash John made Mary read the book The teacher had all the students locked up The heavy downpour had all the demonstrators running for shelter Mary got Peter to run errands for her Mary had Peter run errands for her Her son’s behaviour caused Mary great distress Mary had her son in bed by six in the evening I had my hair cut

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Summa r yo ft hepo s s i bl es t r uc t ur e s Ca u s e :s o g gi n f+t o Ca u s es u bj+o b j e c t Ge ts u b j e c t+t oi nf Ge ts u b j e c t+g e r u n d Ma k es u b j e c ti n fin i t i v e( n ot o ) Le ts u b j e c ti n fin i t i v e( n ot o ) Ha v es u b j e c tp a s tp a r t i c i p l e Ha v es u b j e c tg e r un d Ha v es u b j e c ti n fin i t i v e( n ot o ) Ha v es u b j e c tt PP Ha v eo b j e c ti n fin i t i v e( n ot o )

Ca us a t i v e swi t hma ke / c a us e  (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28)

Ca u s a t i v e swi t hma k e /c a us ec a nt a k ea n i ma t eo ri n a n i ma t es u b j e c t so ft h ee mb e d d e dc l a u s e She made me clean the floor The flood in New Orleans made people sell their dearest possessions to buy food The flood in New Orleans caused people to sell their dearest possessions to buy food The fact that John had washed his car made everybody admire it The fact that John had washed his car caused everybody to admire it John’s unfortunate decision made all hell break loose John’s unfortunate decision caused all hell to break loose The rain made the mushrooms grow The rain caused the mushrooms to grow The sky drew progressively darker, making the stars appear one by one The sky drew progressively darker, causing the stars to appear one by one By letting the gun go off when I did, I quite inadvertently made the runners start the race too soon By letting the gun go off when I did, I quite inadvertently caused the runners to start the race too soon



I nb o t hc a s e st h ee v e n to ft h ee mb e d d e dc l a u s ei st h er e s ul to ft hev e r bo ft h ema i nc l a u s e



Ma k ei sad i r e c tc a u s e( of t e nwi t hv o l i t i o n ) ,c a u s ea ni n d i r e c to ne( g e n e r a l l ywi t h o u t v o l i t i o n )

 (29) (30)

I’ll make you pay for this! ??I’ll cause you to pay for this!

(31)

She didn’t just cause him to do it, she made him do it 2

(32)

?? She didn’t just make him do it, she caused him to do it



Ma k eh a st hei n fin i t i v a lwi t h o u tt o ,c a u s et h ei n fini t i v a lwi t ht o

(33) (34)

The king’s remarks made all his advisers laugh The king’s remarks caused all his advisers to laugh

Ca us a t i v e swi t hha v e 

Ac a u s a t i v ewi t hh a v ed e n ot e sas t a t eo rar e s u l ta n dc a nt a k ed i ffe r e n ts t r u c t u r e sa si t s c o mp l e me nt

(35) (36) (37) (38) 

John had [all the students performing the same experiment at the same time] : John had [all the students { puzzled], [ furious about the exam]}] The police had [ all the students locked up] The police had [ all the students {[ in a stadium], [ on trial]}] I ft h ec a us a t i v ewi t hh a v eh a sa ni n fini t i v a lwi t h o u tt o ,t h es u b j e c to ft h ee mb e dd e dc l a u s e mu s tbea na g e n ta n da g r e ei nd o i n gt h ea c t i o n , t hi si sc a l l e dav ol i t i o n a la g e n t . Th e r e f o r e t hi sc o n s t r u c t i o nc a no n l ybeu s e di ft h ea g e n ti sa n i ma t ea n dwi l l i n gt ope r f o r mt h ea c t i o n .

(39) (40) (41) 

#John had Mary trip on the stairs. #John had the water boil. John had Mary kill the parrot Th i si sn o tt h ec a s ei fh a v ed o e sno tt a k ea ni n fini t i v a lwi t h o u tt oo rwi t ho t h e rc a us a t i v e v e r b s

(42) (43)

John made Mary trip on the stairs. John made his sister cry

(44)

John had the water boiling in no time at all



Ha v ec a n n o tb eu s e di ne l l i p s i s

(45) A B.

Why on earth did they do that? a) Because we made them b) Because we caused them to c) Because we got them to d) *Because we had them

Ca us a t i v e swi t hg e t Ge t( l i k eha v e )a n dc o n t r a r yt oma k ea n dc a u s ec a nt a k ed i ffe r e ntt y pe so fe mb e d de d c omp l e me n t s : (46) (47) (48)

John’s doctor got him walking again in no time at all: John got the car repaired very quickly John had the car repaired very quickly 3

 (49) (50)

Wh e ng e tt a k e sa ni n fin i t i v a lc omp l e me n t ,i ti swi t ht o, n o twi t h o ut John got all the students to perform the same experiment *John got all the students perform the same experiment



Ge th a sar e s ul t at i v eme a n i n gn o tas t a t i v eme a n i n g, i ti sl i k ec a u s e / ma k ea n du nl i k eh a v ei n t hi sr e s p e c t . I no t h e rwo r dsg e tme a n s“ c a u s et oh a v e ”



Ge tt a k e sa n“ i n d i r e c t ”c a u s a t i o n ,l i kec a u s e , n o tadi r e c ton el i k ema k e

Not i c et h a te v e nt h i n g sc a nh a v ea“ v o l i t i o na l ”i n t e r p r e t a t i o n (51) (52)

How did you get the washing machine to go? Try as I might, I just couldn’t get the figures to add up

(53) (54)

The washing machine refuses to start That blasted rock refused to move!

Se nt e nc e st ot r a ns l a t e (55) (56) (57) (58) (59) (60) (61) (62) (63) (64) (65)

Hof a t t or i p a r a r el ama c c h i n aa lme c c a n i c o Gi a n n ih af a t t oc a d e r eu nv a s oMi n gi n c i a mpa n d os ult a p p e t od e ls a l o t t o Ma r i ag l ih af a t t or a c c o g l i e r eei n c o l l a r et u t t iip e z z i Po is iès c o p e r t oc h ePa o l oa v e v af a t t oi n c i a mp a r eGi a n n idip r op o s i t oi nmo d oc h e r o mp e s s ei lv a s oMi n g L ’ u r a g a n ohaf a t t oc r o l l a r emol t i s s i mec a s e Gi a n n ièr i ma s t ou c c i s oi nu ni n c i d e n t es t r a d a l e Ma r i ah af a t t ob o l l i r el ’ a c q uap e rl ap a s t a Sip u òf a rb o l l i r el ’ a c q u ai nc i n q u emi n u t i Mif r a t e l l omihaf a t t oc a d e r ed a l l es c a l e Leb a t t ut ed iGi a n n if a n nos e mp r er i d e r et ut t i Led i s a v v e n t u r ed iGi a n nif a n n os e mp r er i d e r et u t t i

Co mmo np r o p e r t i e so fc a u s a t i v ev e r bs Th et e n s eo ft hee mb e d de dc l a u s ea n do ft h ema i nc l a u s emu s ta l wa y sbet h es a mewi t hc a us a t i v e v e r b s : (66)

a *Last night she made him go tomorrow b *Last night she caused him to go tomorrow c *Last night she had him go tomorrow d Last night she got him to go tomorrow

Not i c et h a tt h i si sp o s s i b l eo n l ywi t hg e t , n o twi t ht h eo t h e rv e r b s The same is true of perception verbs (67)

*Last night she heard him go {today, tomorrow} 4

(68) (69)

*Last night she watched him go {today, tomorrow} *Last night she saw him go {today, tomorrow}

this is not true of other verb classes (70) (71) (72) (73)

Last night she persuaded him to go tomorrow Last night she told him to go tomorrow Last night she ordered him to go tomorrow Last night she asked him to go tomorrow

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