CC210 Quiz 5 Content (Weeks 9 & 10) PDF

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(WLU) Laurie Manwell - CC210 Psych of Crime...

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Mental disorder: broadly defined as an abnormal pattern of thoughts, emotions, or behaviours caused by a personal dysfunction and associated with significant personal distress or disability - Umbrella term that includes psychotic disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, substance use disorders among other conditions - 1 in 3 Canadians will experience a mental disorder during their lifetime Case Study: Rene Poole - Suffered from bipolar disorder - God broadcasted driving directions to her - She caused a serious car accident Systems for Classifying Mental Disorders: - DSM: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) was developed by the American Psychological Association (2013) and is the dominant classification system in North America - Criticisms: lack of reliability in diagnosing disorders, socially constructing diagnostic categories, and creating a false dichotomy between “normal” and “abnormal” functioning - ICD: The International Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems - 10th revision (ICD-10) was developed by the World Health Organization (1992) and is primarily used in other parts of the world such as Europe Major Mental Disorders: a subset of mental disorders that are more serious and feature incapacitating disturbances of thought feelings and perceptions 1. Schizophrenia: a persistent condition marked by profound distortions in cognition and emotion, affecting language, thought, perception, affect, and sense of self - Onset is gradual, occurs between late teens and mid-thirties - Both men and women are affected; men experience at an earlier age - Paranoid schizophrenia: a person experiences persecutory delusions that focus on the belief that others are planning to hurt them - Affects 1% of the population System Domains Positive symptoms: a set of symptoms characterized by an excess of psychological functioning or distortion; feelings, thoughts, or behaviours that should not normally be present are experienced

Examples Delusion: a fervently held but false belief that is richly maintained despite contrary evidence, e.g., the false belief that the government has bugged one’s home Hallucination: a false sensory perception that is experienced without a corresponding external stimulus, affecting any one of the five senses, (e.g., tasting poison in one’s food; hearing voices that are not real)

Negative symptoms: a set of symptoms characterized by a deficit of psychological functioning; normal feelings, thoughts, or behaviors that should be present are absent

Flattened affect: absence of emotion in an individual’s observable expressions and behaviours (e.g., blank facial expression, little eye contact or body language) Alogia: poverty of speech, including absence or reduction in spoken words and a lack of content in verbal communications relative to normal speech (e.g., one-word answers to questions; Q: How are your children doing? A: Good) Avolition: loss of motivation, ability or desire to participate in one's usual activities (e.g., sitting in the same place for two days)

Disorganized symptoms: a group of symptoms involving bizarre behaviour or confusing speech that reflect a severe underlying disturbance of thoughts; difficulty formulating or producing goal-directed behavior (e.g., wandering, being disheveled, malnourished)

Formal thought disorder: a serious disturbance in the organization, process, or flow of a person's thoughts Word salad: unintelligible speech characterized by a series of random, unconnected words and phrases (e.g., I rain turquoise for the dog in the swimming ghost) Loosening of associations: conversation consisting of a sequence of logically unrelated thoughts (e.g., I like that book. My arm hurts. Orange chocolate is delicious) Flight of ideas: fragmented ideas in which there are frequent shifts in the topic of conversation (e.g., The sky is blue. I love blue eyes. My eyes are tired. There are tired people everywhere)

2. Major depression: a serious mood disturbance characterized by one of two core symptoms and lasting at least several weeks - Persistent feeling of profound sadness - Anhedonia: refers to a loss of interest and pleasure in taking part in a person's usual social and recreational activities, (e.g., not going out socially with friends anymore) - Most common mood disorder, often triggered by stressful events - Affects 5 to 7% of the population - Average onset is in mid 20s - Affects women twice as much as men - Common symptoms of depression: - Aches and pains - Social withdrawal

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Change in appetite Difficulty sleeping Loss of energy Feeings of guilt and worthlessness Trouble concentrating Thoughts of suicide

3. Bipolar disorder: a persistent condition characterized by fluctuating periods of mania and depression - Manic episode: a period that features an unusually elevated mood (e.g., euphoria), racing thoughts, and accelerated physical activity (e.g., extremely rapid talking known as pressured speech) that are not appropriate to the situation - Pressured speech: extremely rapid speech, delivered as though the speaker cannot express his or her ideas fast enough - Affects 1% of the population - Onset occurs in late adolescence - Both men and women are affected equally - Episodes last several weeks to a few months 4. Psychosis (other psychotic disorders): describes a cluster of symptoms in which a person “loses touch with reality”, in that they have difficulty distinguishing what is real and what is fantasy - Delusions and hallucinations - The DSM describes a number of other disorders with psychotic features such as schizophreniform disorders, brief psychotic disorder, and schizoaffective disorders - Schizophreniform disorder: a mental disorder similar to schizophrenia, except that the symptoms are not present for long - Brief psychotic disorder: a mental disorder like schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder, except that the symptoms are present for only a very short period of time - Schizoaffective disorder: a mental disorder characterized by symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder - Delusional disorder: marked by the presence of one or more persistent, nonbizarre delusions, without any other accompanying psychotic symptoms - Subtypes of delusional disorders: Types of Delusions

Definition

Persecutory delusions

A person’s false belief that they are being stalked, spied upon, obstructed, poisoned, conspired against or harassed by other people or an organization

Delusion of grandeur

A person’s false belief that they are much

more gifted, superior, famous, wealthy, or influential, than they actually are Erotomania

A person’s false belief that another person of a higher social, political, or economic status is infatuated with them

Delusional jealousy

A person’s unfounded fear or false belief that one’s spouse or partner is being unfaithful

Mental Disorder & Crime: 1. Mental disorder among criminal offenders 2. Criminal behaviour among psychiatric patients 3. Mental disorder and crime in community samples The Criminalization Hypothesis: - The criminalization of mental disorder: refers to the idea that the relatively minor but disruptive behaviour of those with mental illness is more likely to result in processing as offenders through the criminal justice system (as opposed to the mental health system as patients) - According to this hypothesis, those with major mental disorders are no more likely to commit crime than those without a disorder; rather, the link between mental disorder and crime is merely an artifact of how society and the criminal justice system responds to the population - Deinstitutionalization: a policy implemented by many Western jurisdictions that involve transferring psych patients out of large-scale institutions and into community-based care - Reasons for deinstitutionalization centered on the advent of new psychotropic medications and findings that patients have better treatment outcomes, freedom and enhanced quality of life if they resided in the community Total birth cohort: a group of people born in the same jurisdiction during a specific period of time The Epidemiological Catchment Area Study: - Swanson (1990) - Questions about different violent behaviours embedded in the interview - Violence rate associated with the presence and absence of different mental disorders - Participant with a major metal disorder were 5x more likely to report violent behaviour - Rates of violence among those diagnosed with an alcohol or substance abuse problem were higher - A modest relationship between violence and mental disorders exists Police Response to People with Mental Illness: Those with mental disorders are arrested more than normal citizens (47% compared to 28%)

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Failure of police to recognize symptoms of mental illness

Apprehension of Mentally Disordered Offenders: Symptom Based Theories of Crime: - Symptom-based theories of crime accredits the criminal behaviour of a person with a major mental illness to the profoundly disrupted thoughts, feelings and perceptions brought about by their disorder - Symptom consistent behaviour: refers to conduct that appears to reflect the symptoms of the person's mental disorder and therefore makes it reasonable to infer that the disorder contribute to their behaviour Delusions & Hallucinations: - Delusions are more common and contribute more to motivating criminal behaviour - Phenomenological qualities of delusions that greatly elevate risk of violence are threefold

Command hallucinations: hearing voices that are not real that order a person to act out a behaviour, such as a criminal act, are also related to violence - Command hallucinations are more likely to be obeyed when they are familiar, caring or trusted by the person hearing them - Rene Poole: perceived that God had instructed her to release the steering wheel and close her eyes so that He could steer the vehicle Case Study: Margaret Mary Ray - She suffered from schizophrenia and believed she was romantically in love with David Letterman - She also stalked Story Musgrave - She committed suicide The principle of rationality-within-irrationality: suggests that violence committed by individuals with psychosis is commonly a logical response to irrational symptoms that are perceived and experienced as real

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Theory and research indicate that psychosis-driven violence is more likely to occur in the context of threat/control override symptoms that involve

Case Study: Vincent Li - The Greyhound Bus killer - Li engaged in the killing and dismembering of Tim McLean for self-preservation because he falsely believed that McLean was a powerful and evil force who was plotting to kill him first - Threat symptoms: believing that Tim McLean, the passenger next to him, was an evil force who was going to kill him; prior to this, believing that a man circling the bus station in a vehicle was going to kill him - Control-override symptoms: hearing God's instructions to travel to another city, to board the passenger bus and stop in Manitoba, and to kill Tim McLean - Vince Li was found Not Criminally Responsible by reason of mental disorder (NCR) - Vince Li (now Will Baker) was released on absolute discharge into the community, meaning that there are no legal conditions placed on him to mandate that he continue taking his medication or receive psychiatric treatment Factors Influencing the Relationship between Mental Disorder and Crime:

Threat/Control- Link (1999) - Value of T/CO

Override Symptoms: for explaining violence

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among young adults in Israel Rates among participants manifesting psychotic and bipolar disorders were more than double T/CO related to fighting and weapon use Positive and linear relationship

Insight: the appreciation a person has of his or her mental disorder and the need for treatment Tense situations: created for citizens who are confronted by an individual experiencing threat control override (T/CO) or disorganized symptoms who is behaving in a bizzare or disturbing way - Virgina Hiday - Co-morbid: a mental disorder or condition that presents with another mental disorder or condition Case Study: The Manson Family Murders - Cult leader whose followers carried out murders - Helter Skelter Important Terms: Homicide: the intentional killing of another person - Reactive rather instrumental forms of violence Filicide: the killing of a child by their parent Parricide: the killing of a parent by their child Multiple murder: Serial murder: where multiple murders are committed by the same perpetrator at different points in time Spree murder: where numerous victims are killed during the same event, but across several geographic locations Mass murder: where multiple murders that are committed by the same perpetrator at a single point in time and geographical location Theoretical Models of Homicide: Personality Types and Reactive Aggression: - Personality type: the psychological classification of people into discrete categories based on the statistical combination of specific attributes - Personality types reflect differences in kind between individuals on these characteristics - Traits reflect differences in degree between individuals on a particular characteristic - Type A: competitive, time urgent, achievement-focused and aggressive - Type B: relaxed, patient, imaginative, and easy-going

Edwin Megargee - 2 personality types Undercontrolled Offender

Overcontrolled Offender

Personality featuring: - Short temper with low frustration tolerance - Easy to provoke - Lack of restraint from behaving violently - Have an extended history of aggressive behaviour

Personality featuring: - Extreme inhibition against expressing aggressive impulses - Have episodes of explosive following prolonged periods of mounting anger and frustration

Case Study: The La Loche Shooter - Saskatchewan - 17-year-old male was the shooter - 4 people died; 2 brothers and 2 teachers Affect, Cognition, & Reactive Aggression: Self-Regulation: - Self-regulation: key to understanding reactive violence that results in homicide - Refers to the ability to control emotional reactions, and appraise and choose suitable behaviours in a situation - Underregulation: involves disinhibited or impulsive behaviour that results from a failure to exert control over one’s feelings and subsequent behaviours Homicide in the Family: Filicide: broadly refers to the intentional killing of a child by their parents Neonaticide: the killing of an infant within the first 24 hours of life - Psychosocial factors such as poverty, unemployment, and social isolation appear to play a significant role in neonaticide Infanticide: the killing a child older than 24 hours - Maternal mental illness tends to be exhibited in cases of infanticide Postpartum psychosis: a rare (occurring in about 1-2 in every 1000 births) and serious psychiatric emergency that often begins suddenly in the first two weeks following childbirth - Symptoms vary and change rapidly including mania, depression, confusion, paranoia, disorganized thinking, hallucinations, and delusions - Andrea Yates Parricide: refers to the intentional killing of a parent by their child - Fathers tend to be victims of parricide more than mothers - Adult males are more likely to kill their parents compared to females and youth - Adult offenders are more likely to have a serious mental illness, whereas their juvenile counterparts are more likely to kill a parent to end ongoing abuse in the family

Matricide: the killing of one’s mother Patricide: the killing of one’s father Multiple murder in 3 categories: Mass murder

Multiple murder involving the intentional killing of 4+ victims during a single event in the same geographic location

e.g., Stephen Paddock during the Las Vegas shooting on October 1, 2017, opened fire on a crowd of concertgoers at music festival from his hotel room on the Las Vegas Strip killing 58 victims and injuring 851 people. It was the deadliest mass shooting in US history

Spree murder

Multiple murder involving the intentional killing of numerous victims during the same event, but across several geographic locations

e.g., Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower Sniper, on August 1, 1966, killed his wife and mother in their homes before going to the University of Texas and fatally shooting more 14 victims

Serial murder

Multiple murder involving the intentional killing of two or more victims at different times with a “cooling off” period between murders

e.g., Gary Ridgeway, the Green River Killer, sexually assaulted and murdered women whom he picked up along the highway in Washington, primarily sex trade workers and runaways, over a period of 20 years

Serial Murder: - Sex, power, and control are key motivational elements of the male serial Paraphilia: involves recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges or behaviours that are deviant and causes the person distress or impairment - Paraphilic fantasies often center on children (e.g., pedophilia) or non-consenting persons (e.g., voyeurism, exhibitionism), the suffering or humiliation of oneself (e.g., masochism) or others (e.g., sadism), or on non-human objects (e.g., fetishism) Erotophilia (lust murder): refers to the intentional killing of an unsuspecting sexual partner and commonly involves the use of sustained torture to control the victim - Power/domination and sexual motivations Male vs Female Serial Killers: - Female serial killers differ from male counterparts in that they engage in active killing for

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longer periods, and are quiet killers opting for more subtle methods such as poisons Female serial killers are also more likely than males to target familiar people such as family members

Case Study: The Green River Killer - Gary Ridegway - Power-oriented motivations, primarily motivated by power and control over his victims, whom he hated as a group - Killed at least 48 women Organized/Disorganized Profile Characteristics of Offender: Organized Serial Killer -

Disorganized Serial Killer

Intelligent Confident Socially and sexually competent Lives with partner Elder of siblings Has skilled employment Carefully plans murder Follows news of crime in media

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Below average intelligence Lacks confidence Socially and sexually incompetent Lives alone Younger of siblings Does unskilled labour Murder unplanned Minimal interest in news media

Crime Scene Differences Between Organized/Disorganized Killers: Organized Crime Scene -

Disorganized Crime Scene

Planned offence Brings tools and weapons Victim is a carefully targeted stranger Personalizes victim Conversations are controlled Crime scene reflects control, premeditation Submission demanded of victim Restraints used Aggressive acts before death Body hidden or transported Removes weapon, souvenir, and other evidence from scene

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Spontaneous, unplanned offence Uses weapons found at scene Familiar victim, victim or opportunity Depersonalizes victim Hard;y any conversation Crime scene random, frenzied, sloppy Sudden outburst of violence toward victim Minimal use of restraints Sexual acts after death Boyd left in view at scence Weapon and evidence left at scene

Organized-Disorganized Dichotomy of Serial Killers (Ronald Holmes): Visionary Serial Killer

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Motivated by a serious psychotic disorder These individuals experience delusions or hallucinations and often report hearing voices commanding them to murder specific individuals Visionary killers kill victims within a comfort zone and tend to commit disorganized murders

Mission Oriented Serial Killer

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Motivated by eliminating victims based on an agenda or mission, mission-oriented...