HST103 weeks 10 & 11 notes PDF

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Lecture notes from class videos and in class notes over weeks 10-11 of the semester...

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The Industrial Revolution The industrial revolution and its consequences • 1750-1850 - launched humans out of the biological old regime - Coal replaced wind, water, animal muscle and power, etc.

Cotton Textiles : All have been English invented - Spinning Jenny 1764 - Water frame 1769 - Mule/ cotton mule 1790 • Calicoes : Indian cloth made of Indian cotton. • Indian Cotton : Cotton grown in India was very high quality, cheaper than linen and wool, felt good on the skin, lightweight, accepts dyes for color, less expensive than anything the English could make. In 1750 produced 1/4 (25%) of all output

• What gave India a competitive advantage? : had just has high as standard living than British. Had just as good, even better, than British textile workers. Agriculture gave them a better advantage. High per-acre yields, low priced food, lower wages : define Asia. • 20 : 1 - India had the grain harvest to seed ration, 20 to 1. Twice as efficient as England. Greater purchasing power. Low per- acre yields, high priced food, high wages. : define Europe • 8:1 - Englands rations.

• How did the British try to reverse this?

India • European colonialism & “private trading companies” : 3 most famous trading companies : Dutch East India company, English India company, French west India company. All competing over India.

• Trade and war : trade and war overlap and go together.

• 1707: major events - Aurangzeb emperor in Mughal empire dies, and empire begins to seriously decline - In England… British empire begins to show in India, India becomes a formal colony of England in 1857

- Lancashire : Emerge from nowhere, and become a center of global forces The New World as a Peculiar Periphery • America Slavery • Mechanization and Lancashire - Invention of “free trade: American cotton leaves to free trade, - Disintegration of mercantilism

China Standard Theories - why did the industrial revolution happen in Europe? 1. Population theory: through marriage euro families were able to keep their families smaller, pushed their children and families to get married later in life (late marriage) smaller family leads to smaller population leads to smaller surpluses. 2. Markets theory : the establishment and growth of markets and land for labor, enabled euro procures to be more efficient and invest to increase agriculture productivity.

Chinese Population rice and agriculture : rice helps gain nutrients from the water, not soil, grown in Pattys. Saves time and water in 3 ways : 1. Less labor in preparing soils 2. Less labor in irrigation 3. Less labor in fertilization

Large numbers in Chinese population caused anxiety and Adam Smith and Tomas Malthus and western economic theory. There was no explanation for numbers like these

to them. Believed populations that couldn’t control their growth wouldn’t go down until plagues and sicknesses, they would overshoot the capability of the land.

Chinese Markets Peasants and Economic specialization - Sericulture : most famous/sought after specialized craft. Chinese silk was wanted by the entire planet. Grown in china : sugarcane, silk, Canal-Building : material foundation for the worlds largest city and population.

Qing China - Laissez Faire

Why didn’t the China’s market economy lead to industrialization? 1. Ecological Constraints of the B.O.R.

2. Peasant freedom: peasants had the freedom to do what they wish, they weren’t forced to do single tasks. - “ import substitution” : specializing what you want to do, then substitute and import what you didn’t do.

3. Gender and the sexual division of labor (late 18th century china) : China is stuck in a specific gender pattern, women would stay home and weave and spin. But in England and japan, women worked in textile factories. 4. Coal : china used coal for iron production

Exhausting The Earth - BOR - Circa 1800 Population

- Global response to 17th century crisis Farmland : extension and increase of farmland Exception = “green archipelago” Rule was deforestation, exception was In 1800, Japan was the only place where forests will grow back

England - 17th century global crisis : coal was used to warm homes because there was no firewood. Population of half a million people, and half a million of coal production was used to warm those homes.

- Shifted from heating homes for industrial works. Burning lime for farming to produce nitrogen rich fertilizer, brewing of beer, glass making, bowling of seawater to make salt to preserve meat and fish

- Deforestation - energy crisis - coal was used the most - 18th century coal : Shifted from heating homes for industrial works. Burning lime for farming to produce nitrogen rich fertilizer, brewing of beer, glass making, bowling of seawater to make salt to preserve meat and fish

- 19th century coal : coal kept people alive, to keep homes warm. Steam engine put England on the verge to industrial age

What made England different than china despite also being at ecological limits of the BOR? Conjunction : 1. 2. 3.

Slavery (transatlantic slave systems) Mercantilism : allowed England to compete with Chinese silver, defined economics. Expansion of cotton plantations : critical to allow England to have enough cotton to go to the revolution in the first place

4. Britain's wars with France (7 years war) eliminated all euro rivals The revolutionary impact of British textiles : “ghost acres” and contingency

Coal, Iron, and Steam - textiles and industry : without textiles there would have been nothing to lead to the industrial revolution. What did textiles lead to? 1. Accounted for nearly all economic growth in England until 1830s 2. Provided reason for development for factories 3. Lead to a new working class To escape the constraints of the biological old regime, it was the energy sources that truly mattered. These energy sources are embodied in coal fired steam power.

- Steam engine contraptions : the first steam engine was invited to put water out of mines. The only place you could use the steam engine was in the coal mine when it was first invented. From 1712 to 1800 is a history of constant experimenting with contraptions that would use steam power. 2,500 steam powered contraptions were built.

- Steam transportation - railways : there was no real demand for steam engines until railways came along. Railway transportation that the steam engine actually got used for good. This caused a rise for demand in coal, which made steam engines and railways to be increased, then eventually steal to make more durable rails for the railroads. Steal became mass produced as well because of railroads.

- Steam production - The rise of the industrial “working class” : works in factories and for wages. Works for 14-15 hours a day 7 days a week.

Without colonies, coal, or state support…

- British producers had to lower the cost of production, the cost kept Europe in a marginal potions in world history 3 things occurred: 1. British producers faced with competition from low priced Indian products (calicoes) and silver influxes Chinese markets 2. British producers were paid a lot 3. The British state was very different than en empire. The euro states found themselves tangled with global economies, but they could manage coal better by taxing it.

Science and technology “scientific revolution” : stands for a placeholder for the enlightenment • Science : the intellectual enterprise of understanding the natural universe by using mathematics and “scientific method” for replicating findings. • Technology: the means by which humans gain mastery of natural processes for their own productive and reproductive ends.

- the myth: labor-saving devices in times of labor shortage : - The reality :...