Ch 13 - Ch 13 PDF

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Ch 13...

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CHAPTER 13: Open Economy Macroeconomics: Basic Concepts 13-1 The International Flows of Goods and Capital  Exports: goods and services that are produced domestically and sold abroad  Imports: g&s that are produced abroad and sold domestically  Net exports: the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports (trade balance)  Trade surplus: an excess of exports over imports  Trade deficit: an excess of imports over exports  Balanced trade: a situation in which exports = imports  What influences this? o Tastes of consumers for domestic and foreign goods o Prices of goods home and abroad o Exchange rates o Incomes o Cost of transporting o Govt policies toward intl trade  Increase in intl trade due to improvements in transportation and advances in telecommunications, which have allowed businesses to reach overseas customers more easily, technological progress, and govts trade policies  Net capital outflow = purchase of foreign assets by domestic residents – purchase of domestic assets by foreigners o Influenced by  Real interest rates paid on foreign and domestic assets  The perceived economic and political risks of holding assets abroad  Govt policies that affect foreign ownership of domestic assets  NCO = NX  Saving = domestic investment + net capital outflow o S = I + NCO

 13-2 The Prices for Intl Transactions: Real and Nominal Exchange Rates  nominal exchange rate: the rate at which a person can trade the currency of one country for the currency of another  appreciation: an increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amt of foreign currency it can buy  depreciation: a decrease in the value of a currency as measure by the amt of foreign currency it can buy  real exchange rate: the rate at which a person can trade the goods and services of one country for the goods and services of another o real exchange rate = (nominal exchange rate x domestic price) / foreign price

o real exchange rate = (e x P) / P* 13-3 A First Theory of Exchange-Rate Determination: Purchasing-Power Parity  a theory of exchange rates whereby a unit of any given currency should be able to buy the same quantity of goods in all countries  law of one price: asserts that a good must sell for the same price in all locations  arbitrage: the process of taking advantage of price diff for the same item in diff markets o e = P*/P o if the purchasing power of the dollar is always the same at home and abroad, then the real exchange rate (the relative price of domestic and foreign goods) cannot change  According to the theory of purchasing power parity, the nominal exchange rate between the currencies of two countries must reflect the price levels in those countries  When the central bank prints large quantities of money, that money loses value both in terms of the goods and services it can buy and in terms of the amount of other currencies it can buy  Purchasing power parity does not always hold because… o Many goods are not easily traded o Even tradable goods are not always perfect substitutes when they are produced in diff countries...