Ch 7 - Anatomy & Physiology BIO136 PDF

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Professor L. Mastrangelo, BIO136 (Anatomy & Physiology), Ch 7 outline + notes...

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Chapter 7 - The Nervous System

I.

ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (Figure 7.2 is a nice overview.) A.

Structural Classification 1.

Central Nervous System (CNS) (brain and spinal cord only)

2.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (all nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to periphery.)

B.

Functional Classification 1.

Sensory (Afferent) Division (Brings information TO the CNS)

2.

Motor (Efferent) Division (Takes information from the CNS to the periphery.)

a.

Somatic Nervous System (to skeletal muscle only)

b.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (to all other organs, glands or muscle)

II.

NERVOUS TISSUE: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION A.

Supporting Cells (Neuroglial cells, “glial”, 90% of the cell in the nervous system. Figure 7.3)

B.

1.

Astrocytes

2.

Microglia

3.

Ependymal

4.

Oligodendrocytes

Neurons 1.

Anatomy (see Figure 7.4)

2.

Classification

a.

Functional Classification (afferent vs. efferent)

b.

Structural Classification (Figure 7.7 shows different types of sensory receptors.

Figure 7.8, multipolar neuron is the one to know!) 3.

Physiology a.

Nerve Impulses (action potentials, Figure 7.9, this is SSSOOOO important to understand!!)

b.

Reflex Arc (You need to know the functional components of a reflex arc, Figure 7.11A. Could it be a put in the correct order question? I'll let you guess!)

III.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM A.

Functional Anatomy of the Brain (Figure 7.12 is a basic anatomical overview. You should be able to discuss the basic functions of each part of the CNS listed below. Make a chart of your own!) 1.

Cerebral Hemispheres (You just have to laugh at FIgure 7.14)

2.

Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

3.

Brain Stem

a.

Midbrain

b.

Pons

c.

Medulla Oblongata

d.

Reticular Formation (Damage here can result in a coma.)

4.

Cerebellum (This is often called the little brain. It compares our intended movements with our actual movements.

B.

Protection of the Central Nervous System 1.

Meninges (The meninges of the brain are continuous with the meninges of the spinal cord. Figure 7.17 is a classic, showing the meninges, ventricles in the brain, and the pathway for CSF.)

2.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (Do you know what cells produce CSF?)

3.

The Blood-Brain Barrier (Do you know what cells form the BBB?)

C.

Spinal Cord 1.

Gray Matter of the Spinal Cords and Spinal Roots (It is necessary for you to know the anatomy seen on Figures 7.18 and 7.19.)

2.

IV.

White Matter of the Spinal Cord

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM A.

Structure of a Nerve (You have got to know this and the 3 layers of connective tissue surrounding a nerve, Figure 7.20)

B.

Cranial Nerves (Which cranial nerves do you think are important for DHYG students to know? Which is the most important cranial nerve? Are the cranial nerves part of the CNS or PNS?) 1.

Olfactory

2.

Optic

3.

Oculomotor

C.

4.

Trochlear

5.

Trigeminal

6.

Abducens

7.

Facial

8.

Vestibulocochlear

9.

Glossopharyngeal

10.

Vagus

11.

Accessory

12.

Hypoglossal

Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses (See Table 7.2. Damage to the cervical plexus could result in death, due to damage to the phrenic nerve. The ulnar nerve, which is part of the brachial plexus, is the most easily damaged nerve. Do you know why? )

D.

Autonomic Nervous System (This is my favorite part of the the NS.)

1.

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Compared (Figure 7.24 is excellent and contains tons of information that you need to know. Study it!)

2.

Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division

3.

Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division

4.

Autonomic Functioning (You should be able to tell me the anatomical and physiological differences between the PSNS and the SNS. Another great time to make your own table comparing the 2 divisions of the ANS.)...