Chapter 04 The Biological Mind TB 05 12 PDF

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Test bank for Discovering Psychology PL1101E exposure module...

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CHAPTER FOUR: THE BIOLOGICAL MIND ─ THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR Learning Objective 1. Debate the strengths and limitations of biological psychology as a major psychological perspective, considering the roles of monism, reductionism, and reciprocity between biology and experience. 2. Analyze the implications of advances in methods used to study the brain for our understanding of biological psychology. 3. Explain what it means for a neuron to “fire” an action potential, describing how the neuron’s structure makes this possible. 4. Explain the process by which neurons communicate with each other, allowing the nervous system to integrate complex information. 5. Differentiate the roles played by major neurotransmitters in supporting physical functioning and psychological experience. 6. Differentiate the major branches of the nervous system, explaining the core biological function of each branch. 7. Associate key structures in, and regions of, the brain with important aspects of physical and psychological functioning. 8. Explain the process by which hormones influence psychological experience and behavior, differentiating this process from neurotransmission.

The Biological Mind – The Physical Basis of Behavior

Related Questions Multiple Essay 1-5

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Chapter Four: The Biological Mind - The Physical Basis of Behavior

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Dr. Arnold is a biological psychologist interested in understanding how climate influences male aggression. Which hypothesis most closely reflects a biological psychological perspective? a. Men who live in warmer climates tend to have higher levels of testosterone, which leads to more male aggression. b. Warm weather tends to create more competition and thus more aggression among males. c. In societies where climates are warm, attitudes towards male aggression tend to be more acceptable. d. In regions with warm climates, people socialize more outdoors, which naturally leads to more male aggression. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: What is Biological Psychology?

DIF: Analyze OBJ: LO1

2. Which statement is consistent with a monistic philosophy? a. The soul is the essence of the self and the brain is its vessel. b. The mind and the brain are one. c. The mind controls our emotions and the brain controls our bodies. d. The brain is too rudimentary to explain complex human behavior. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: What is Biological Psychology?

DIF: Understand OBJ: LO1

3. Dr. Benson discovers a new hormone, “hormone X,” which becomes elevated when people experience extreme anxiety. To establish a reciprocal relationship, Dr. Benson needs to show that ____. a. blocking the binding sites of “hormone X” leads to feelings of euphoria b. feelings of euphoria decrease “hormone X” levels c. people experience anxiety when injected with “hormone X” d. levels of anxiety correlate with levels of “hormone X” ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: What is Biological Psychology?

DIF: Apply OBJ: LO1

4. Which statement is consistent with a reductionistic perspective? a. Most aspects of human behavior are easily explained by biological factors; environmental influence on behavior is negligible. b. Studying the brain at the cellular level is not necessary to explain human behavior; understanding brain function at the anatomical level is sufficient. c. Understanding how isolated brain regions integrate information at the cellular level is sufficient for explaining human behavior. d. Understanding brain cell communication is important for understanding human behavior, but it is just one component that ties into the bigger picture. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: What is Biological Psychology?

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DIF: Understand OBJ: LO1

Chapter Four

5. Hal meets some friends at a local sports bar. After drinking several beers, Hal picks a fight with someone that he thinks is giving him “dirty” looks. Normally very mellow and calm, the alcohol has interfered with Hal’s judgment, causing him to lose control. Which theory best explains Hal’s behavior? a. Dawson’s theory that people use alcohol as an excuse to act in ways they truly desire b. Jackson’s theory that the nervous system is organized as a hierarchy c. Anderson’s theory that our behavior is linked more to physiological cues than environmental cues d. Friedrich’s theory that the brain behaves differently when people are in groups versus isolation ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: What is Biological Psychology?

DIF: Understand OBJ: LO1

6. Before contemporary research methods were available, ____ provided significant advancements in our understanding of the nervous system. a. autopsies b. clinical observations of healthy individuals c. X-rays d. phrenology ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: What is Biological Psychology?

DIF: Remember OBJ: LO2

7. During the 20th century, which method led to a burst of knowledge about the nervous system? a. radiography c. functional magnetic resonance imaging b. phrenography d. cranial formation diagnostic imaging ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: What is Biological Psychology?

DIF: Remember OBJ: LO2

8. Mariah is a neuroscience graduate student interested in understanding how the human brain processes early childhood memories. What technique should Mariah use to determine which brain regions are activated when someone recalls their first memory? a. single cell recording c. evoked potential b. positron emission tomography d. transcranial magnetic stimulation ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: What is Biological Psychology

DIF: Apply OBJ: LO2

9. Maxwell is a participant in a research study aimed at understanding how the brain responds to prolonged periods of isolation. After spending several hours in a room alone, Maxwell undergoes a(n) ____ procedure; a method that measures the brain’s electrical activity using electrodes placed on the scalp. a. skin conductance response c. magnetoencephalography b. electroencephalogram d. electrical stimulation ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: What is Biological Psychology?

DIF: Apply OBJ: LO2

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10. Professor Kingston is interested in understanding the origins of gambling addictions. To study the brain activity of gambling addicts, Professor Kingston tracks oxygen flow in their brains while they engage in online gambling. What method is he most likely using? a. single cell recording c. functional magnetic resonance imaging b. transcranial magnetic stimulation d. magnetoencephalography ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: What is Biological Psychology?

DIF: Apply OBJ: LO2

11. Professor Laurent wants to understand how violence in the media affects adolescents. What method should she use to monitor the arousal state of adolescents while they view a news report of a violent crime? a. single cell recording c. skin conductance response b. magnetoencephalography d. electrical stimulation ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: What is Biological Psychology?

DIF: Apply OBJ: LO2

12. Giacomo Rizzolatti and a team of Italian scientists conducted research that led to the discovery of “mirror neurons” in monkeys. Which research method did they use? a. positron emission tomography c. electroencephalography b. functional magnetic resonance imaging d. single cell recording ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Understand REF: What Are the Structures and Functions of the Central Nervous System? OBJ: LO2 13. What distinguishes a neuron from most other cell types? a. It can translate proteins. b. It contains DNA. c. Its nucleus is contained within the cell body. d. It has specialized features for sending and receiving messages. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Remember OBJ: LO3

14. The relationship between neurons and glia is similar to the relationship between ____. a. plumbers and electricians c. ballerinas and their audience members b. racecar drivers and their pit crews d. dentists and their patients’ teeth ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Understand OBJ: LO3

15. If channels in the outer membrane of a neuron were blocked, what would be the consequence? a. Membrane fluidity would be impaired and the neuron would undergo apoptosis. b. Osmosis would be disrupted and the neuron would be unable to communicate. c. Many chemicals would not be able to move into and out of the neuron, disrupting communication. d. The neuron would be deprived of oxygen and would undergo necrotic death. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

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Chapter Four

16. Melanie, a graduate student working in a neuroscience lab, grows neurons in a petri dish to study the effects of environmental toxins on neuronal communication. During one of Melanie’s experiments, she accidentally damages the axon of a neuron. What will be an immediate consequence of this mishap? a. The neuron will not be able to transmit information to other cells. b. The neuron will not be able to translate proteins. c. The neuron will not be able to receive inputs from other cells. d. The neuron’s other axons will have to take over the function of the damaged axon. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Understand OBJ: LO3

17. How do dendrites facilitate neuronal communication? a. They provide structural support for the neuron. b. They select the type of neurotransmitter that is released. c. They allow a neuron to receive multiple inputs from other neurons. d. They increase the speed of action potentials. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Understand OBJ: LO3

18. Enclosed within axons are ____, which are hollow spheres containing ____. a. peroxisomes; myelin b. vesicles; myelin c. peroxisomes; chemical messengers d. vesicles; chemical messengers ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Remember OBJ: LO3

19. Marguerite, a first-year doctoral student, scrutinizes the neural tissue that she prepared for study under her microscope. She knows from experience that the areas that look gray have a high density of cell bodies, while the areas that look white consist of large bundles of myelinated ____. a. axons c. soma b. dendrites d. nuclei ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Remember OBJ: LO3

20. In hopes of better understanding how glia affect brain repair, Dr. Jennings develops a special mouse lacking specific types of glia. In her experimental design, Dr. Jennings injures the brain of this special mouse and monitors neuronal repair. What is Dr. Jennings likely to observe? a. Action potentials can no longer propagate in unmyelinated nerves. b. Cell debris from damaged neurons is not cleared. c. A blood-brain barrier is formed in response to the injury. d. Neurons undergo hypermyelination. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Understand OBJ: LO3

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21. How does myelination affect the signal transmission of a neuron? a. It slows the transmission of a signal. b. It speeds the transmission of a signal. c. It filters the signals so that only the “correct” signals are sent. d. It allows two or more signals to be transmitted simultaneously. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Remember OBJ: LO3

22. Myelin, which insulates many neuronal axons, is formed by ____. a. synaptic coatings c. dendritic ensheathings b. blood vessel extensions d. glial membranes ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Remember OBJ: LO3

23. Georgio is jogging barefoot along the beach when he suddenly steps on the sharp edge of a broken shell. He instantly feels pain due to the message carried to his brain by ____. He then slowly walks home with an achy foot. The message of the ache is carried by ____. a. myelinated axons; unmyelinated axons b. myelinated dendrites; unmyelinated axons c. unmyelinated dendrites; myelinated axons d. unmyelinated axons; myelinated axons ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Apply OBJ: LO3

24. Following a spinal cord injury, formation of the ____ prevents neuronal regeneration in the ____. a. blood-brain barrier, central nervous system b. blood-brain barrier, peripheral nervous system c. glial scar, central nervous system d. glial scar, peripheral nervous system ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Understand OBJ: LO3

25. The last area of the nervous system to be myelinated is the part of the brain located right behind the eyes. Which of the following situations reflects this fact? a. Marilyn, age 54, realizes that the glasses she purchased just two years ago are no longer strong enough. b. Martin and Tobias, ages 16 and 17 are long-time friends, impulsively decide to drag race their cars down a dark road. c. Nora, age 2, cries in frustration and discomfort when she falls down. d. Daniel, age 35, is considered highly intelligent amongst his peers. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

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Chapter Four

26. Neuronal communication is a two-step process. In the second step, which takes place between two neurons, what does the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal of the first neuron signal? a. The synthesis of neurotransmitters by specialized enzymes b. The uptake of neurotransmitters from the extracellular space c. The enzymatic breakdown of residual neurotransmitters d. The release of neurotransmitters into the extracellular fluid ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Remember OBJ: LO3

27. Juan, a graduate student in an electrophysiology lab, stimulates an isolated neuron grown in a petri dish and measures its action potential. How will the neuron respond to the firing of the action potential? a. Its dendrites will retract. c. It will take up chemical messengers. b. Its dendrites will extend. d. It will release chemical messengers. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Understand OBJ: LO3

28. Marcus is excited to be working in the laboratory of Dr. Flores, an expert on electrical signaling in neurons. However, he is surprised to learn that the research is done on squid axons placed in sea water. He asks Dr. Flores the reasons for this. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that Dr. Flores provides? a. A recording electrode can be inserted into a squid axon without disrupting its function. b. Sea water has a chemical composition similar to the fluid surrounding our body’s cells. c. Squid axons are myelinated, increasing the speed of propagation of an action potential. d. Squid axons can be as great as one millimeter in diameter. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Apply OBJ: LO3

29. Marcus works in the laboratory of Dr. Flores, an expert in squid axon electrophysiology. After taking a reading from a recording electrode placed within a squid axon, Marcus comments to Dr. Flores that the squid axon is at its resting potential. What measurement did Marcus take with the recording electrode? a. -70 mV c. 0 mV b. -40 mV d. +40 mV ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Apply OBJ: LO3

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30. Elaine, a graduate student in a neuroscience department, is interested in understanding the effects of popular herbal remedies on neuronal communication. After growing neurons in a petri dish, she exposes the neurons to several common herbal supplements. After performing a series of electrophysiology experiments, she notes that one class of herbal supplements caused the neurons to become depolarized. What does this mean? a. The difference between the electrical charges of the extracellular and intracellular recordings decreased, increasing the chances of an action potential. b. The difference between the electrical charges of the extracellular and intracellular recordings decreased, decreasing the chances of an action potential. c. The difference between the electrical charges of the extracellular and intracellular recordings increased, increasing the chances of an action potential. d. The difference between the electrical charges of the extracellular and intracellular recordings increased, decreasing the chances of an action potential. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Understand OBJ: LO3

31. Which is an accurate statement regarding the generation of an action potential? a. If a neuron becomes hyperpolarized to the threshold level, an action potential is inevitable. b. Small hyperpolarizations lead to small action potentials and large hyperpolarizations lead to large action potentials. c. If a neuron becomes depolarized to the threshold level, an action potential is inevitable. d. Small depolarizations lead to small action potentials and large depolarizations lead to large action potentials. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Understand OBJ: LO3

32. Once the “threshold” for an action potential is reached what is the sequence of events that occur? 1. Potassium channels are activated and potassium ions move out of the neuron. 2. Sodium channels are activated and sodium ions move into the neuron. 3. The interior of the neuron becomes more negatively charged than the exterior. 4. The interior of the neuron becomes more positively charged than the exterior. a. 1, 3, 4, 2 c. 4, 1, 2, 3 b. 2, 4, 1, 3 d. 3, 2, 1, 4 ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Analyze OBJ: LO3

33. Marcus, who works in the laboratory of Dr. Flores, a prominent electrophysiologist, takes readings with a recording electrode placed within a squid axon. He reports to Dr. Flores that the cell is firing an action potential. What measurement did Marcus take with the recording electrode? a. -70 mV c. +40 mV b. 0 mV d. +70 mV ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

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34. Marcus is conducting a squid axon electrophysiology experiment with Dr. Flores. While monitoring a recording electrode placed within a squid axon, Marcus reports to Dr. Flores that the neuron is in a refractory period. What does this mean? a. The cell is hyperpolarized and cannot fire another action potential. b. The cell is depolarized and cannot fire another action potential. c. The cell is hyperpolarized and is getting ready to fire a larger action potential. d. The cell is depolarized and is getting ready to fire a larger action potential. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Understand OBJ: LO3

35. A squid axon is large enough to be visible to the naked eye, while a human axon can only be viewed with a microscopic. Compared with an action potential for a human axon, the size of an action potential for a squid axon will be ____. a. the same b. smaller c. larger d. smaller or larger depending on the length of the axon ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Understand OBJ: LO3

36. Denise, a first year graduate student, is getting ready to begin a lab rotation with Dr. Hudson, an expert on the nodes of Ranvier. What should Denise know about the nodes of Ranvier before beginning her lab rotation? a. Action potentials occur only at the nodes of Ranvier in unmyelinated axons. b. Action potentials occur only at the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons. c. Action potentials “skip” over the nodes of Ranvier in unmyelinated axons. d. Action potentials “skip” over the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: How Do Neurons Communicate?

DIF: Understand OBJ: LO3

37. Professor Freeman calls on his student Maya to describe ...