Chapter 1-functional - Peter lisman PDF

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CHAPTER 1: FOUNDATIONS OF STRUCTURAL KINESIOLOGY TERMS:  Kinesiology: study of motion or human movement  Biomechanics: application of mechanical physics to human motion  Structural kinesiology: study of muscles as they are involved in science of movement o Both skeletal and muscular structures are involved ANATOMY VS. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY  Anatomy: the science of structure of the body, focuses on structure  Functional anatomy: the study of the body components necessary to perform a human movement of function, focuses on function REFERENCE POSITIONS  Anatomical position: standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close and palms facing forward  Fundamental position: is essentially same as anatomical position except arms are at side and palms are facing the body BODY REGIONS  Axial o Cephalic (head) o Cervical (neck) o Trunk  Appendicular o Upper limbs o Lower limbs PLANES OF MOTION  Imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved  Motion through a plane resolves around an axis  There is a 90-degree relationship between a plane of motion and its axis AXIS OF ROTATION  For motion to occur in a plane, the joint must rotate about an axis, oriented 90 degrees to the plane of motion  The axes are named in relation to their orientation CARDINAL PLANES AND AXES OF MOTION  Sagittal Plane- Frontal Axis o Sagittal Plane: divides body into right& left halves (ex- sit-up) o Frontal Axis: same orientation as frontal plane  Perpendicular to sagittal plane  Runs medial / lateral  Commonly includes flexion& extension  Frontal Plane- Sagittal Axis o Frontal Plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior halves (ex: jumping jacks)

o Sagittal Axis: same orientation as sagittal plane  Perpendicular to frontal plane  Runs anterior / posterior  Commonly includes abduction and adduction  Transverse Plane- Longitudinal Axis o Transverse Plane: divides body into superior and inferior halves (ex: spinal rotation to left or right) o Longitudinal Axis: runs straight down though top of head  Perpendicular to transverse plane  Runs superior/inferior  Commonly includes ER and IR, HADD, HABD TYPES OF BONES  Long bones- humerus, fibular o Long cylindrical shaft, relatively wide protruding ends, contains the medullary canal  Short bones: carpals, tarsals o Large articular surface, usually articulates with more than one bone  Flat bones- skull, scapula, ilium o Usually have curved surface, thick areas for tendons attachment  Irregular bones- pelvis, ethmoid, ear ossicles o Includes bones throughout the entire spine& ischium, pubis & maxilla  Sesamoid bones- patella o Small bone imbedded within a tendon of a musculotendinous unit TYPICAL BONY FEATURES  Epiphysis: ends of long bones formed from cancellous (Spongy or trabecular) bone  Epiphyseal plate: growth plate- thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis and epiphysis  Articular (hyaline) cartilage: covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect and reduce friction  Articular cartilage: covers the end of articulating joints o Up to 7mm in thickness (thicker where needed the most) o Avascular slow to heal o Aneural little direct pain when injured BONE MARKINGS  Processes: (including elevations and projections) o Processes that form joints  Condyle: large bony knob at end of long bone  Facet: smaller, flat surface  Head: prominent round projection o Processes to which ligaments, muscles or tendons attach – crest, epicondyle, spine, suture, trochanter, tubercle, tubercle, tuberosity

Cavities: (depression): including opening and groove o Foramen: hole (obturator foramen) o Fossa o Sulcus (groove) CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS  Articulation: connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between surfaces of bones o 3 major classifications according to structure and movement characteristics  Amphiarthrodial  Slightly movable joints  Syndesmosis: 2 bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseous membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones, may or may not touch each other at the actual joint (ex: coracoclavicular joint, distal tibiofibular jt.)  Symphysis: joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between the bones (ex: symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs)  Synchondrosis: type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between the bones (ex: costochondral joints of the ribs with the sternum)  Dairthrodial (synovial): no direction between the bone ends, synovial fluid-filled cavity (synovial membrane), smooth articular surfaces (hyaline cartilage: (ex: hip, elbow, knees)  Degrees of freedom o Motion in 1 plane- I degree of freedom o Motion in 2 planes- 2 degrees of freedom o Motion in 3 planes- 3 degrees of freedom  Synarthrodial – fibrous - suture joint  Thin layer of fibrous periosteum between 2 bones  Sutures of the skill  Bones allowed to interlock  No motion, provide shape and strength RANGE OF MOTION  Area through which a joint may normally be freely and painlessly moved  Measurable degree of movement potential in a joint or joints  Measures with a goniometer in degrees  Normal range of motion varies JOINT CLASSIFICATION  Nonaxial joints o plane joint 

o linear movement o flat joint surfaces, glide over one another o nonaxial joints move 2 degrees to other motion  carpal movement in conjunction with wrist flex/ext. or abd/add. o Carpal bones  Uniaxial joint o Angular motion on 1 plane o Hinge joint: flexion/ extension (humerulnar) o Pivot joint: pronation and supination of the forearm (radioulnar joint) head of radius pivots around the stationary ulna  Bioaxial Joint o Wrist: flexion and extension, radial and ulnar deviation o MP joints: condyloid joints (shape) o Carpometacarpal joint- saddle joint  Condyloid joint o Similar to ball-and-socket joint, but concave member is very shallow o 2 degrees of freedom (ligaments or bone restraints prevent the 3rd) – TMJ joints, metacarpophalangeal joints  Saddle joint o 2 surfaces (one concave and once convex) o Concave surface- saddle shaped  Triaxial Joints o Ball and socket joints: spherical convex surface that is paired with a cuplike socket- allows spin without dislocation o Motion occurs in all 3 axes o Hip and shoulder  Flexion and extension in sagittal plane  Abd and ADD in frontal  Rotation in transverse plane  Ball-and-socket Joint o Spherical convex surface that is pairs with a cuplike socketallows spin without dislocation PHSYIOLOGICAL MOVMENTS VS. ACCESSORY MOTIONS  Physiological movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, & rotation – occur by bones moving through planes of motion about an axis of rotation at joint o Physiological motion can only occur in conjunction with accessory motion- a little can occur through joint compression and distraction  Arthrokinematics: motion between articular surfaces o most joint surfaced  curved (convex/concave) o Spin- single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface – motion occurs around some

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stationary longitudinal mechanical axis in either a clockwise or counter clockwise direction o Roll (rock): a series of points on one articular surface ROLLS on a series of points on another articular surface o Glide (slide/translation): a specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a serious of point on anther surface and SLIDES Flexion and Extension of KNEE o Femoral- on- tibial knee extension  WB = femoral condyles ROLL on tibial condyles  Femoral condyles GLIDE back on tibial condyles  Medial rotation (SPIN) of femur on tibia during lat 15degrees of knee extension Pelvic Girdle (pelvis relative to femur) o Classification: Synovial -ball and socket o Movement: anterior and posterior tilt, lateral tilt, and rotation o Plane: sagittal, frontal, transverse Hip (femur relative to pelvis) o Classification: synovial- ball and 9socket o Movement: flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, IR, ER, HABD, HADD o Plane: sagittal, frontal, transverse Patellofemoral o Classification: synovial- plane o Movement: gliding o Plane: nonaxial/nonplanar Tibiofemoral (knee) o Classification: synovial (hinge) o Movement: flexion and extension o Plane: sagittal Ankle o Classification: synovial – hinge o Movement: DF, PF o Planes: sagittal Metatarsalphalangeal o Classification: synovial -condyloid o Movement: flexion, extension, ABD, ADD o Planes: sagittal, frontal Interphalangeal o Classification: synovial – hinge o Movement: flexion and extension o Planes: sagittal Glenohumeral (shoulder) o Classification: synovial- ball and socket

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o Movement: flexion, extension, hyperextension, ABB, ABD, IR, ER, HADD, HABD o Planes: sagittal, frontal, transverse Elbow o Classification: synovial – hinge o Movement: flexion and extension o Planes: sagittal Radioulnar o Classification: synovial – pivot o Movement: pronation and supination o Planes: transverse Radiocarpal (wrist) o Classification: synovial (condyloid) o Movement: flexion, extension, hyperextension, radial and ulnar deviation o Planes: sagittal, frontal Intercarpal and carpometacarpal o Classification: synovial – plane o Movement: gliding o Plane: nonaxial/nonplanar Thumb o Classification: synovial – hinge o Movement: flexion, extension o Plane: sagittal...