Chapter 17 Using Punishment Time Out and Response Cost PDF

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1. When a behavior occurs and is followed by a consequence that results in a decrease in the behavior in the future, it is referred to as: a. extinction b. antecedent control c. negative reinforcement d. punishment ANSWER: d 2. When a behavior occurs and is followed by the presentation of a stimulus that results in a decrease in the behavior in the future, it is referred to as: a. negative punishment b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement d. extinction ANSWER: b 3. When a behavior occurs and is followed by the removal of a stimulus that results in a decrease in the behavior in the future, it is referred to as: a. negative punishment b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement d. extinction ANSWER: a 4. Which of the following is NOT true concerning the use of punishment in behavior modification? a. it can involve the presentation of a stimulus event b. it typically involves the use of a painful stimulus c. its use can be controversial d. it can involve the removal of a stimulus event ANSWER: b 5. Punishment procedures are typically used ____________ functional nonaversive procedures. a. before b. after c. instead of d. A and C ANSWER: b 6. In behavior modification, an aversive stimulus is defined in terms of: a. how painful it is b. its effect on behavior c. how unpleasant it is d. all of these

ANSWER: b 7. Negative punishment procedures involve the ____________ following the occurrence of a problem behavior. a. removal of an aversive stimulus b. removal of a reinforcing stimulus c. presentation of a reinforcing stimulus d. presentation of an aversive event ANSWER: b 8. Positive punishment procedures involve the ____________ following the occurrence of a problem behavior. a. removal of an aversive stimulus b. removal of a reinforcing stimulus c. presentation of a reinforcing stimulus d. presentation of an aversive ANSWER: d 9. Which of the following is a negative punishment procedure? a. overcorrection b. guided compliance c. negative reinforcement d. response cost ANSWER: d 10. When Timmy hits his little brother while they are playing video games, his Mom removes him from the game and he has to sit in a chair by himself for five minutes. As a result, Timmy is less likely to hit his brother in the future. Which punishment procedure is involved in this example? a. time-out b. isolation c. overcorrection d. negative reinforcement ANSWER: a 11. Matthew gets upset and throws one of his toys against the wall. His Dad then removes him from the toy room and puts him in the hallway for a brief period of time. As a result, the probability of Matthew throwing his toys against the wall decreases. Which negative punishment procedure is Matthew’s Dad using with him? a. response cost b. restitution c. nonexclusionary timeout d. exclusionary time-out ANSWER: d 12. While coloring with other children, Sarah begins to use her crayons to mess up the other children’s pictures. Sarah is removed from the table for a brief period of time, and can only watch the other children coloring. In which punishment

procedure does the individual remain in the room, but is removed from access to positive reinforcers? a. exclusionary time-out b. nonexclusionary timeout c. negative reinforcement d. response cost ANSWER: b 13. Nonexclusionary time-out is used when: a. the individual’s continued presence in the room is disruptive to others b. access to positive reinforcers can be removed while the individual is in the room c. it is important to maintain interactions with the individual during the time-out d. A and C ANSWER: b 14. Nonexclusionary time-out is not used when a. the individual’s continued presence in the room is disruptive to others b. access to positive reinforcers can be removed while the individual is in the room c. participating in the activities in the classroom was reinforcing for the individual d. A and C ANSWER: a 15. Punishment procedures should be used in conjunction with ____________ procedures. a. chaining b. extinction c. shaping d. reinforcemen t ANSWER: d 16. Which of the following is NOT true concerning the use of punishment in conjunction with DRA? a. an alternative behavior is reinforced b. the problem behavior will decrease c. the absence of the problem behavior is reinforced d. an alternative behavior will increase ANSWER: c 17. Which of the following occur(s) when DRO is used in conjunction with a punishment procedure? a. the absence of the problem behavior is reinforced b. an alternative behavior is reinforced c. the problem behavior increases d. A and B

ANSWER: a 18. When a time-out procedure is used, the ____________ environment must consist of positively reinforcing activities or interactions. a. timeout b. time-in c. adjacent d. distal ANSWER: b 19. The complete name for time-out is: a. time-out for behavior reduction b. time-out from reinforcement c. time-out from positive reinforcement d. time-out from reinforcing activities ANSWER: c 20. In order for time-out to be implemented, the time-out area should: a. contain positive reinforcers b. have a lock on the door to prevent escape c. be free from sharp or breakable objects d. all of these ANSWER: c 21. Which of the following is NOT a consideration in the use of time-out? a. is time-out practical in the circumstances? b. can interactions be maintained throughout the time-out period? c. can escape be prevented? d. is it safe to use time-out? ANSWER: b 22. Which of the following is true concerning the time-out period? a. the time-out period should be brief b. the period is extended if the problem behavior is occurring at the end of the timeout c. there should be a delay between the behavior and removal from the environment d. A and B ANSWER: d 23. The extension of the time-out period when the individual is engaging in the problem behavior at the end of the timeout period is referred to as: a. contingent delay b. overcorrection

c. response cost d. secondary timeout ANSWER: a 24. Nicole comes home past her curfew, and is not allowed to use the car for a week. As a result, Nicole no longer comes home past her curfew. Which punishment procedure is illustrated in this example? a. extinction b. time-out c. negative reinforcement d. response cost ANSWER: d 25. The procedures of extinction, response cost, and time-out are similar in that they all: a. are used to decrease problem behaviors b. involve removing the individual from access to reinforcement following the behavior c. involve removing the reinforcer that is maintaining the behavior d. all of these ANSWER: a 26. The use of response cost involves the consideration of: a. whether interactions can be avoided b. which reinforcer to remove and when the loss will occur c. whether escape can be prevented d. when the punishing stimulus will be presented ANSWER: b 27. Which of the following can be used in response cost procedures? a. activity punishers b. tangible reinforcers c. conditioned responses d. aversive stimuli ANSWER: b 28. Time-out should be used when: a. the reinforcer for the problem behavior is escape from a task b. the time-in environment is not reinforcing c. functional procedures have not been implemented d. none of these ANSWER: d 29. Time-out duration is typically a. less than 1 minute

b. 1 to 10 minutes c. 10 to 20 minutes d. at least 20 minutes ANSWER: b 30. What behavioral principle(s) is involved in response cost? a. positive punishment b. negative reinforcement c. negative punishment d. negative punishment and extinction ANSWER: c 31. If the problem behavior does not result in a loss of ___________, the time-out procedure will be ineffective. ANSWER: positive reinforcement 32. Time-out is not appropriate to use with problem behaviors maintained by ___________ or ___________. ANSWER: escape, sensory stimulation 33. Two common negative punishment procedures are ___________ and ___________. ANSWER: time-out, response cost; time out, response cost 34. ___________ involves removal of a child from a reinforcing situation in which the child loses access to reinforcing activities or interactions. ANSWER: Time-out; Time out 35. In ______________________ time out, the child is taken to another room contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior. ANSWER: exclusionary 36. In _______________________ time out, the child is moved to another part of the room contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior. ANSWER: nonexclusionary 37. In __________________________, a specified amount of a reinforcer is removed contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior. ANSWER: response cost 38. Time-out will be successful only if the time-in environment is _________________________. ANSWER: positively reinforcing

39. Time-out is a _______________________ punishment procedure. ANSWER: negativ e

40. Response cost is a ________________________ punishment procedure. ANSWER: negativ e 41. Punishment procedures should be one of the first procedures considered to decrease problem behaviors. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 42. Whenever you use time-out, you should always incorporate a reinforcement procedure. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 43. The “time-in” environment must be more reinforcing than the time-out environment. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 44. A time-out room should have a lock on the door so the client is unable to escape back to the reinforcing environment. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 45. Time-out should be brief. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 46. Sitting down and talking with a child to prevent escape from time-out is acceptable. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 47. A differential reinforcement procedure should be used with response cost. a. True b. Fals

e ANSWER: True 48. Taking away a child’s dessert is an appropriate loss of a reinforcer in a response cost procedure. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 49. Taking a meal away from a child in a response cost procedure is an acceptable strategy. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 50. In response cost, the reinforcer that is lost is sometimes returned to the child after a period of time. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 51. When should punishment procedures be considered? ANSWER Functional nonaversive treatment approaches should always be used prior to : considering the use of punishment, and reinforcement procedures should always be used in conjunction with punishment. 52. When is nonexclusionary time-out most likely to be used? ANSWER Nonexclusionary time-out is most likely to be used when (a) the individual can be : removed from the reinforcing activities or interactions while still remaining in the room and (b) the presence of the individual in the room will not be disruptive to others in the environment. 53. Beth’s teacher is frequently putting Beth in the time-out chair at the back of the classroom. While Beth is in time-out, she makes funny faces and noises which make the other children laugh. Beth continues her behaviors that end her up in the time-out chair throughout the day. What might work better to decrease Beth’s problem behaviors? ANSWER Exclusionary time-out in which Beth is removed from the room during time-out may : work better. 54. Describe exclusionary time-out. ANSWER In exclusionary time-out the individual is removed from the room (reinforcing : environment) where the problem behavior took place and is taken to another room. 55. Describe nonexclusionary. ANSWER In nonexclusionary time-out the individual remains in the room while being removed : from access to positive reinforcers. 56. Define response cost. ANSWER Response cost is defined as the removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer

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contingent on the occurrence of a problem behavior.

57. How are response cost, time-out and extinction different? ANSWER Different processes are involved in extinction, time-out, and response cost. With : extinction, the problem behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcing event that previously maintained the problem behavior. With time-out, the individual is removed from access to all sources of reinforcement contingent on the problem behavior. With response cost, a specific amount of a reinforcer (but not the reinforcer for the problem behavior) is removed following the problem behavior....