Chapter 3 History of Parole PDF

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Chapter 3: History of Parole Introduction ● 3 Types of Release ○ 1. Mandatory Release ■ Determinate: 1-5 yrs ○ 2. Discretionary Release ■ Indeterminate- parole board (1930s-1970s) ○ 3. Sentence Expiration ■ Until time is done, can be held in prison Origins of Parole ● Alexander Maconochie ○ From England, came up with Marks System ■ Earn marks or “good time” for an early release ● Sir Walter Crofton ○ From Ireland, created Irish System with different levels/types of prisons ■ Strict Imprisonment ■ Intermediate (Halfway) ■ Ticket of Leave (Parole) ● Zebulon Brockway, Warden at Elmira Reformatory, NY ○ Father of Parole, favored indeterminate sentence to encourage good behavior ○ Supported early release and supervision in community ● Four Justifications of Parole ○ 1. Reward for good prison conduct ○ 2. Post-release supervision ○ 3. Release form an indeterminate sentence ○ 4. Reducing the cost of incarceration Parole Today ● Sentencing Philosophies Vary by State ○ Could be MSR (Determinate) or Parole (Indeterminate) depending on state ○ Illinois- Adult get MSR (Determinate), Juveniles get Parole (Indeterminate) ● Releasing Authority, Parole Boards ○ Indeterminate- Parole Board ○ Determinate- when sentence is up ■ Prisoner Review Board (PRB) sends you back to prison if you violate ● Characteristics of Parolees ○ 88% male. 43% white, 38% black, 17% Hispanic ● Offense of Conviction ○ Federal- drug, weapons ○ State- violent ● Contemporary Functions of Parole

○ Three Main Functions of Modern MSR ■ 1. Enforce control and restrictions on parolees out in the community ■ 2. Provides services that helps reintegrate offenders into community ■ 3. To increase public’s confidence in parole’s effectiveness ○ Prison Population Control ■ Easier under indeterminate sentencing ○ Medical Parole ■ Compassionate release: Offenders are facing serious medical issues (ex. Terminal cancer, diabetes, etc.) and are let out of prison (high bills)...