Chapter 4 Notes - Infantile development of motor skills and reflexes PDF

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Infantile development of motor skills and reflexes...

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Chapter 4 Notes  Early Motor Development o Spontaneous  Movement not caused by known external stimuli o Reflexive  Stereotypical responses elicited by external structures (stimuli?)  Spontaneous Movements o Original Theory  Extraneous, no purpose o Current Theory  Building blocks, similar to some voluntary movements o Example:  Spontaneous arm movements (resemble reaching)  Extraneous kicking (walking)  Infantile Reflexes o Reflexive movements occur quickly after onset of stimuli o They involve a single muscle or specific group of muscles (not whole body)  Specific to stimuli o Strong at birth-lost strength- disappear @ 4 months (1 year concern) o They cannot be extinguished at any one time o Persistence past normal age may indicate neurological problems  Purpose of Reflexes o Built-in responses to facilitate survival o Allow “dialogue” with environment o Reflexive movements result in sensory consequences (adaptation) o Reflexes provide building blocks for future movement  Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex o Infant starts in supine position o Stimulus: turn head to one side o Response: same-side arm and leg extend  Grasp & STNR

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o Palmar Grasp Reflex  Stimulus: Touch palm with finger or object  Response: Hand closes tightly around finger or object o Symmetrical  Infant starts in supported sitting position  Stimulus: Extend head and neck or flex head and neck  Response: Arms extend and legs flex, or arms flex and legs extend o Moro Reflex  Infant starts in supine position  Stimulus: Shake head  Response: arms, legs, and fingers extend; then arms and legs flex Labyrinthine Righting Reflex o Infant is supported upright o Stimulus: Tilt infant o Response: Head moves to stay upright Stepping Reflex o Stimulus: Place soles of feet on flat surface o Response: legs move in walking pattern Constraints o Structural o Functional o Environmental physical o Environmental sociocultural o Task: goals, rules, equipment Later Infancy o Voluntary control of movements o Understanding of environment, objects in environment o Meaningful interactions with others o Postural reactions Postural Reactions o Postural reactions begin around 4 months o They help maintain posture in a changing environment

o Initially they are similar to reflexes, then they are incorporated into the general repertoire o Derotative righting  Infant starts in supine position  Stimulus: turn head to one side, or turn legs and pelvis to other side  Response: Body follows head in rotation, or trunk and head follow in rotation o Parachute  Infant is held upright  Stimulus: lower infant toward ground rapidly  Response: legs and arms extend  Motor Milestones o Fundamental motor skills  Building blocks (leading to complex motor skills)  Cumulative, sequential o Specific movements that lead to general actions  Fundamental Motor Skills o Run o Jump o Overhand throw o Catch o Striking o Kicking o Agility, balance, coordination  Locomotor and posture motor milestones o 2 months: lifts head in prone position o 3 months: lift shoulder, turns head o 5 months: rolls over, sits unsupported o 7 months: gets on hands and knees o 8 months: creeps on hands and knees o 9 months: pulls to stand; cruises furniture o 10 months: stands alone o 12 months: walks alone

 Rate limiters or Controllers o Rate limiters are individual constraints that inhibit or slow attainment of a motor skill o They rapidly change during early childhood o Cultural norms can shape social interactions between infants and other and guide parental child-rearing practices  Milestones and Atypical Development o Trained professionals can screen for neurological health and the potential for future diseases or disorders by looking for delays o Hypotonia, which is common and Down Syndrome, can often result in delays of milestone skills o Delays in infant mobility could negatively affect cognitive and perceptual development...