Chapter 6 Learning Theory (Behaviorism) PDF

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These are notes from Professor William Keith's lectures on Chapter 6. ...

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#55 PSYC 1100-004- Introduction to Psychology. 02/21/20-03/02/20 Learning Theory (Behaviorism) Behaviorism- the assumption that a person is born with a blank state, in other words babies aren’t born with personalities. Conditioning Classical Conditioning: a type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment Example: dog with food and bell. A bell (neural stimulus) is rong and the dog is fed eventually this leads to when a bell rings a dog salivates (natural response) because it believes it will be fed (behavior). Ivan Pavlov- Russian psychologist first to describe classical conditioning. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)- is any stimulus that can evoke a response without the organism going through any previous learning; in the example the stimulus is food Unconditioned Response (UCR)- the response to a stimulus without going through any previous learning; in the example the response is salivation Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response; in the example it the bell. Conditioned Response (CR)- an automatic response due to a stimulus that is learned. In the example salviation (learned response to bell). John Watson Little Albert- a controlled experiment showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans John Garcia Biological perspective- is a way of looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior. Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning. Acquisition- refers to an early stage of the learning process during which time a response is first established. Example school bell makes children think class is over. Discrimination- effected learning, example a person is just afraid of a white rat. Just CS

Generalization- sloppy learning, example a person is afraid of things close to the CS all white fluffy things. Extinction- CS no longer produces CR. Example the bell is overused with no food being proved so the dog no longer salivates due to the bell being rung. Spontaneous Recovery- the reappearance of a response of a CR that had been extinguished. Example after two months you ring a bell the dog remembers and salivates due to the bell. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment. It is also called trialand-error learning For example, a rat that is fed after pushing a lever will learn to push the lever in order to receive food B.F. Skinner ● Punishment- and consequence present after a behavior that decreases the likelihood of that behavior recurring. ➔ Aversive Stimuli- is an unpleasant event that is intended to decrease the probability of a behavior when it is presented as a consequence. Example yelling at students, physical handle student, psychological harm (putting a person in the front of the room) ➔ Reinforcement Removal- removal of privileges. Students can’t go to certain events like a school trip. Reinforcement- any consequence present after a behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior recurring. ● Positive giving something positive 2nd grade: candy, stickers, et.c. Prefer this type of reinforcement 9th grade: extra credit ● Negative- remove something negative ● 9th grade: homework pass; prefer this type of reinforcement Eliciting Behavior Prompting- physically demonstrate. Example in this classroom you should take a couple deep breaths if someone upset you. Reinforce this type of behavior Fading- “fade back '' see if the behavior sticks without reinforcement. Shaping- learning of complex behavior. Example learning tennis: take multiple

steps so you do little bit at a time and reinforce good behavior, eventually stop reinforcement and the behavior should stick. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement Schedule- everytime they do something you want you reward them. Later you can fade. Start off this way. Intermittent Reinforcement ScheduleFixed Interval- after a fixed amount of time passes you get reinforcement. Fixed Ratio- set number of target behavior than a reward. Do behavior x(8) times more than get candy. Target behavior:reward Variable Interval- random amount of time than a reward. Variable Ratio- random number of target behavior than a reward. Question to think about What is the problem with an all punishment response? What is the problem with an all reinforcement response? Observational/Social Learning Instead of applying a punishment or prize to a group, you apply a punishment or prize to a model in order to shape everyone else’s behavior Albert bandura and the bobo dull study. ● Experimental conditions--children are shown a film where someone beats up a doll. One group just sees that, one group sees the person being rewarded for beating up the doll, and one group sees the person being punished for beating up the doll ● Findings--the group with the model reward was the most aggressive, but the control group was still very aggressive Stages of observational learning ● Attention-seeing what happens to the model ● Retention-being in a similar situation and remembering what happened ● Production-basing actions off of the outcome of the model’s situation ● Imitation-if the model was rewarded, copy them ● Counterimitation-if the model was punished, do the opposite Vicarious consequences ● Vicarious reinforcement-watch someone else being rewarded, indirect reward. ● Vicarious punishment-watch someone else being punished, indirect

punishment....