Chapter 6: Learning Notes PDF

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Vocabulary words of chapter 6 (learning) from the textbook bolded and summarized....

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Chapter 6: Learning 6.1: What is Learning? ● ● ●

Reflexes are motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment Instincts are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as maturation and the change of seasons Associative learning: when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment ○ Classical conditioning and operant conditioning fall under this category

6.2: Classical Conditioning ● ●

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Ivan Pavlov: russian scientist who performed extensive research on dogs and is best known for his experiments in classical conditioning Classical conditioning: process by which we learn to associate stimuli and anticipate event ○ Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism ■ In Pavlov’s experiments the meat powder or food that makes the dogs salivate is the UCS ○ Unconditioned response (UCR): a natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus. ■ In Pavlov’s experiments salivation is the UCR ○ Neutral stimulus (NS): stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response prior to conditioning ■ In Pavlov’s experiment the tone that was paired with the presentation of meat powder was the NS ○ Conditioned Stimulus (CS): the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus after paired with the unconditioned stimulus ■ In pavlov’s experiment the dogs began to salivate to the tone alone ○ Conditioned Response (CR): the behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus ■ In Pavlov’s experiment this is when the dogs salivated to the tone. Salivation is the conditioned response Acquisition: initial period of learning. When an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. Neutral stimulus eventually becomes conditioned stimulus Extinction: decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus

Chapter 6: Learning ● ● ●

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Spontaneous recovery: the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period Stimulus generalization: when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus Higher-order conditioning or second-order conditioning: conditioned stimulus conditioned another stimulus. ○ Example: Cat is conditioned to know that a can opening means they are going to get fed but then is also conditioned to know the cabinet opening means they will get fed too. Behaviorism (John B Watson) was influenced by Pavlov’s work with classical conditioning ○ Little Albert experiment to associate stimuli with fear (stimulus is white rat), stimulus generalization for all fuzzy white things

6.3: Operant Conditioning ●

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Law of effect: behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated ○ Skinner Box: animal presses leveler and dispenses food reward. Animal learns to press lever for food. Reinforcement: used to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring ○ Positive Reinforcement: Something is added (desirable stimulus is added) to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring ○ Negative Reinforcement: Something is removed (undesirable stimulus is removed) to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring Punishment: used to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring ○ Positive Punishment: Something is added (undesirable stimulus is added) to decrease the likelihood of a behavior ○ Negative Punishment: Something is removed (desirable stimulus is removed) to decrease the likelihood of a behavior Shaping: instead of rewarding only target behavior we reward successive approximations of target behavior ○ Reinforce any response that resembles the desired behavior. ○ Then reinforce the response that more closely resembles the desired behavior. You will no longer reinforce the previously reinforced response. ○ Next, begin to reinforce the response that even more closely resembles the desired behavior. ○ Continue to reinforce closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. ○ Finally, only reinforce the desired behavior.

Chapter 6: Learning ● ●

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Primary reinforcer: reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities. Not learned (water, food, sleep, shelter, sex, touch etc) Secondary reinforcer: has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with primary reinforcer. ○ Example: Get a sticker after good behavior, 10 stickers means candy Reinforcement Schedules ○ Continuous reinforcement: when an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior ■ Quickest way to teach someone a behavior ○ Partial reinforcement: the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform a desired behavior ■ Once a behavior is trained this typically switch to this ○ Fixed Interval reinforcement schedule: when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time ■ Moderate response rate with significant pauses after reinforcement ○ Variable Interval reinforcement schedule: behavior is reinforced based on varying amounts of time which is unpredictable ■ Moderate yet steady response rate ○ Fixed Ratio reinforcement schedule: set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded ■ High response rate with pauses after reinforcement ○ Variable Ratio reinforcement schedule: number of responses needed for reward varies ■ High and steady response rate Radical Behaviorism: focused study exclusively on studying behavior rather than cognition Tolaman Experiments: ○ Cognitive map: mental picture of the layout of a maze ○ Latent Learning: learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it

6.4: Observational Learning (Moduling) ●

Observational learning: watching others and then imitating or modeling what they do or say ○ Models: individuals performing the imitated behavior ■ Three kinds: live, verbal symbolic ○ Vicarious reinforcement: seeing a model being reinforced for their behavior makes you more motivated to copy the model

Chapter 6: Learning Vicarious punishment: seeing a model being punished for their behavior makes you less motivated to copy the model. Bobo dolls experiment: ○ Children modeling of adults aggressive and violent behaviors toward bobo dolls after seeing adults being rewarded for doing so ○ Researcher: Badura ○

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