CJ 110 Final Study Guide PDF

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Law, Policing, and Contemporary Issues (Lecture) 1. What contemporary issues of policing were highlighted in the Frontlines documentary on policing  Search and Seizure 2. Define and discuss differences between Crime Control Model and Due Process Model  Crime Control Model- a theory of criminal justice which places emphasis on reducing crime in society through increase police and prosecutorial powers  Due Process Model- focuses on individual liberties & rights & is concerned with limiting the power of government 3. Describe the extent of police officer’s authority to stop people and to conduct searches of people, their vehicles, and other property  The supreme court has defined rules for the circumstances & justifications for the steps, searches, and arrests in the light of the 4th amendment’s prohibition on unreasonable searches & seizures  The plain view doctrine - permits officers to visually examine & use evidence without a warrant, any contraband or criminal evidence that is in open sight when the officers are in a place where they are legally permitted to be  Most stops must be supported by reasonable suspicion: an arrest or a search warrant must be supported by enough information to constitute probable cause  Police use deadly force occurs infrequently & can no longer be applied to unarmed fleeing felons 4. Define and discuss differences between Proactive Policing and Reactive Policing  Proactive policing is the practice of deterring criminal activity by showing police presence & engaging the public to learn concerns, thereby preventing crime  Reactive policing is responding to a complaint after a crime has been committed Key terms:  discretion : good judgement  Search: government officials' examination of and hunt for evidence on a person or in a place in a manner that intrudes on reasonable expectations of privacy  Seizure: situations in which police officers use their authority to deprive people of their liberty and property  Probable cause: reliable information indicating that evidence will likely be found in a specific location or that a specific person is likely to be guilty of a crime  reasonable suspicion: a police officer’s belief, based on articulable facts, that criminal activity is taking place so that intruding on an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy is necessary  Stop and frisk: limited search approved by the Supreme Court in Terry v. Ohio that permits police officers to pat down the clothing of people on the street if there is reasonable suspicion of dangerous criminal activity  Excessive use of force: Where officers legally apply force in too many incidents Courts and Adjudication (Lecture and CH. 7)

1. Describe the structure of the American Court system Has three main levels: U.S. District Court, U.S. Circuit Court of Appeal, and the Supreme Court. 2. What are the 3 major functions of the Courts 3. What is the role of a judge in criminal courts? responsible for insuring that the law is followed, and the jury determines the facts 4. How does someone become a judge  Lawyers serve about 7 years of experience practicing law.  They can either be elected or by appointment 5. What is the role of a prosecutor has three main tasks: to investigate crimes, to decide whether or not to instigate legal proceedings and to appear in court. He or she shall have contact with the person suspected of the crime, the victim and witnesses, and have close contact with the police 6. What is the role of a defense attorney? They represent a defendant in court proceedings. They most often appear in criminal court when the defendant has been accused of committing a crime like burglary or murder. Whether the charges against the defendant are a misdemeanor or a major felony, they are entitled to vigorous legal defense, and it is the job of the defense attorney to provide it. Key terms:  Dual system:  Trial courts of limited jurisdiction: Criminal courts with trial jurisdiction over misdemeanor cases and preliminary matters in felony cases. Sometimes these courts hold felony trials that may result in penalties below a specific limit.  trial courts of general jurisdiction: Criminal courts with jurisdiction over all offenses, including felonies. In some states, these courts also hear appeals.  court of last resort Pre-trial Procedures, Plea Bargaining, and the Criminal Trial (Lecture and Chapter 8) 1. Identify the stages from an arrest to a trial 2. What are the pros and cons of plea bargains  Pros: released early, creates certainty for a conviction, be an effective negotiating tool, provides more resources for the community, and reduces population levels in local jails  Cons: removes the right to have a trial by jury, may lead to poor investigatory procedures, still creates a criminal record for the innocent, judges are not required to follow a plea bargain agreement, eliminate the chance of an appeal, and provides soft justice for the guilty Key Terms:

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Retribution: punishment inflicted on a person who has harmed others and so deserves to be penalized Deterrence: (general) punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the general public and to discourage the commission of offenses (specific): punishment inflicted on criminals to discourage them from committing future crimes Incapacitation: depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by detaining the offender in prison Rehabilitation: the goal of restoring a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapyu Restorative justice: punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act Indeterminate sentences: A period, set by a judge, that specifies a minimum and a maximum time to be served in prison. Sometime after the minimum, the offender may be eligible for parole. Determinate sentences: a sentence that fixes the term of imprisonment at a specific period Mandatory sentence: a sentence determined by statutes and requiring that a certain penalty be imposed and carried out for convicted offenders who meet certain criteria Probation: a sentence that the offender is allowed to serve under supervision in the community

Corrections (Lecture and Ch. 10) 1. Describe how the US system of corrections has developed over time (What are the 6 stages)? 2. Explain why the prison population has increased so much in the last 30 years? 3. Discuss US prison rates 4. What is the difference between prison and jail (short time)Jails are usually run by local law enforcement and/or local government agencies, and are designed to hold inmates awaiting trial or serving a short sentence. (long term) prison is designed for long-term incarceration, they are better developed for the living needs of their populations 5. What is mass incarceration? What led to mass incarceration?

Key Terms:  Correction: the variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses  Jail: an institution authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours  Penitentiary: an institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another so they can reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and reform  Lease system: a system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor  Reformatory movement: an institution that emphasizes training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole

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Rehabilitation model: a model of corrections that emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy Crime control model

Re-entry (Lecture and Ch. 13) 1. What is re-entry the process by which prisoners who have been released return to the community. 2. What is the reentry problem  Those that are entering back into the community will have a hard time dealing with life with such little money given and will be looked down upon in society. 3. Identify some of the problems those who are reentering the community may face  Hard to get a job  Pay bills  Own a car or house  Earn money 4. In what ways has california worked to decrease the prison population and the problem of overcrowding?  They use bail as an option Key Terms:  Parole: the conditional release of an inmate from incarceration, under supervision, after part of the prison sentence has been served  Recidivism: a synonym for "relapse", which is more commonly used in medicine and in the disease model of addiction.  Conditions of release: conduct restrictions that parolees must follow as a legally binding requirement of being released...