COMM 110 Final Study Guide PDF

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Final study guide for professor Jose Rodriguez Interpersonal Comm 110...

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Any non-textbook info should be appended to the end of the chapter it was given under “Bonus Info” https://quizlet.com/392049001/comm-110-exam-3-flash-cards/

Chapter 9: Initiating and Developing Relationships -

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Relational Stages - At any point in life, we manage relationships, and communication differs between relationships depending on which relational stage that relationship is in. - Each relational stage is accompanied with verbal and nonverbal markers. - Relational escalation  is the process of moving through the five stages of a relationship. The Process of Interpersonal Attraction - Relational attraction is composed of physical attraction, propinquity, exposure, reinforcement, and approachability. - Physical attraction - We are attracted to people whose physical characteristics are appealing, such as body type, hair, or personal style. - Physical attraction plays a key role in the Initiation stage. - Propinquity - Refers to proximity, in both physical location and kinship. - Exposure - The Mere Exposure Hypothesis  says that the more we are exposed to something, the more we like it. - We develop a preference to things we are exposed to frequently. - The more time spent with someone, the more we find them relationally attractive. - Reinforcement - We like people who like us, and people who share our worldview. - Approachability - Refers to one’s level of accessibility. - We pick up on the verbal and nonverbal cues of people around us and are inclined to initiate a relationship with those who are more approachable. - Four phases of quasi-courtship behaviors: - Courtship readiness - nonverbal signals that we are open for communication. - Preening - manipulation of appearance. - Positional Cues - body orientation, to gain others’ attention. - Direct Appeals to Invitation - nonverbal signals that we are open to initiation.

Any non-textbook info should be appended to the end of the chapter it was given under “Bonus Info” https://quizlet.com/392049001/comm-110-exam-3-flash-cards/

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Communication Accommodation Theory - People will adapt the speech patterns of the person they are communicating with. - If someone speaks quickly, you may find yourself speaking faster than normal. - The more interested people are in each other, the more accommodation occurs. Relational Escalation: The Five Stages - The Initiating Stage - The stage where the first contact between two people is made. - Composed of elements including attraction and initial interaction. - Uncertainty Reduction Theory - We pursue security by reducing uncertainty. - Four typical reasons we seek to reduce uncertainty: - Interest in someone - A person is displaying deviant behavior - A person can offer some reward or punishment - We expect repeated interaction with a person - The Experimenting Stage - Both people want to know more about each other. - Limited amount of self-disclosure, deliberately and candidly shared. - Information is personal in nature. - Typically begins with general questions, like “Where do you work?” - Social Penetration Theory - Describes how self-disclosure progresses relationships from non-intimate to intimate.

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Breadth  is the scope of information an individual shares. Depth  is the level of intimacy of the information.

Any non-textbook info should be appended to the end of the chapter it was given under “Bonus Info” https://quizlet.com/392049001/comm-110-exam-3-flash-cards/

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The self-disclosure that occurs in the experimenting stage peels back the layers of who someone is, like peeling the layers of an onion. - People, knowingly or unknowingly, operate on a cost-reward basis in relationships. - When self-disclosure is higher, the rewards for intimacy are higher. The Intensifying Stage - People build commonalities and want to know more about each other. - Self-disclosure becomes deeper, indicating the significance of the relationship. - Increase in nonverbal behaviors, namely haptics. - Shift in proxemics from personal space to intimate space. - Couples engage in interactional synchrony, going as far as to mirror body positions and physical movements. - Couples begin to engage in metacommunication. - In prior stages, couples may discuss why they fought. - In the intensifying stage, they will also discuss how the conflict arose. - Couples will engage in “relationship talk”, discussing how each person feels about their relationship. - If support for the relationship is reciprocated, it can escalate to the next stage. - If not, it can move to de-escalation. - The Love Styles - There are six fundamental love styles, formed by our past relationships and our culture. - Eros, considered “romantic” love, is characterized by desire, passion, and emotion. - Ludus, is a fun-oriented love, characterized by lack of serious commitment and a focus on fun. - Storge is a friendship-based love, built on trust and affection, developing slowly over time. - Pragma is love based on a sensible, logical view on how well two people fit together. Think of the word pragmatic . - Mania is a fanatical, obsessive love characterized by suspicion and insecurity.

Any non-textbook info should be appended to the end of the chapter it was given under “Bonus Info” https://quizlet.com/392049001/comm-110-exam-3-flash-cards/

Agape  is a spiritual love given without interest of need for reciprocation, characterized by self-sacrifice, selflessness, and altruism. The Integrating Stage - Couples start spending more time together, and integrating areas of their life. - They unmistakably become a pair in public. - Matching and mirroring becomes more distinct, to the point where they may adopt each other’s verbal and nonverbal patterns. - Relational Dialectics Theory: Background and Features - We are not simply mindless speakers communicating with passive receivers - we are engaged in active dialogues involving at least two central, constant tensions. - Centripetal forces  are forces in communication pulling the communicators together to unity. - Centrifugal forces are forces in communication pushing the communicators apart through difference. - Dialectical tension  is the presence and interplay of the centripetal and centrifugal forces in communication with others. - Tensions that pull us apart and push us together both exist at the same time - this is a normal feature of developing relationships. - Relational dialectics theory  states that a dyad will experience opposing values in their relationship: - Autonomy vs. connectedness - Wanting to maintain a separate and distinctive identity vs wanting to be connected to your partner - Enjoying shared activities, but also needing an activity to participate in alone. - Favoritism vs. impartiality - Wanting to be recognized as unique vs. wanting to be treated justly and with impartiality - Openness vs. closedness - Wanting to self-disclose vs. wanting to maintain privacy - Being comfortable with introducing other friends, but not with sharing passwords. - Novelty vs. predictability -

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Any non-textbook info should be appended to the end of the chapter it was given under “Bonus Info” https://quizlet.com/392049001/comm-110-exam-3-flash-cards/

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Wanting there to be fresh aspects of the relationship vs. wanting to be able to count on certain aspects of the relationship - Wanting to set a date night, but not wanting to go to the same restaurant every week. Equality vs. inequality - Wanting to be equal to your partner vs. wanting to be superior in some ways - Wanting to possess equal income, but also wanting to be considered more athletic.

The Bonding Stage - Couple makes a commitment that they intend to stay together. - Signified by marriage, having a child, buying a house, etc. - Non-romantic rituals, like an engagement ring or best-friend necklaces, etc. can also occur instead. The Assumptions of the Relational Models - The relational escalation model is explanatory, not regulatory - it explains what happens in typical relationships, not explaining what to do in yours. - People are complex, and therefore so are their relationships. - Some may spend more time in a certain stage than others. - The model assumes that relationships will only be in one stage at a time. Assuming Responsibility for Loving: The Ethics of Romancing - Loving a person is an extremely complex process that is simply beyond our understanding. - We should take responsibility for our loving by recognizing that we have an ethical responsibility to be aware of what motivates us to love someone. - Be mindful of negative, repetitive patterns in relationships, to help reflect and understand what to avoid. Bonus info - The GI Joe Fallacy - Derived from the TV show GI Joe, which typically ends with a simple PSA, like “Don’t talk to strangers”. - The misconception that “Knowing is half the battle.” - Knowledge, at least in more immediate situations, is rarely the central factor controlling our behavior.

Any non-textbook info should be appended to the end of the chapter it was given under “Bonus Info” https://quizlet.com/392049001/comm-110-exam-3-flash-cards/

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Although you know that the tabletops are both the same shape, you still perceive that they are different shapes/sizes.

Any non-textbook info should be appended to the end of the chapter it was given under “Bonus Info” https://quizlet.com/392049001/comm-110-exam-3-flash-cards/

Chapter 10: Deteriorating and Terminating Relationships -

Relationship Misbehaviors - Every relationship has both spoken and unspoken rules - a violation of these rules is known as a relational misbehavior. - Not every relationship has the same set of rules, and relational misbehaviors vary in severity. - The implicit rules of a relationship are the unspoken rules that are “just understood,” like not fighting in public or not name-calling in an argument. - The explicit rules are rules that were spoken about and agreed to. One typical explicit rule is of monogamy (not having multiple romantic partners). - Communicating in a Hurtful Manner - People receive hurtful messages more often and more frequently in intimate relationships than in non-intimate relationships. - Directly hurtful messages take the form of verbal affronts and assaults. - They can be extremely upsetting, but dealing with them is more simple. - Indirectly hurtful messages take the form of constructive feedbacks, or “backhanded compliments.” - They can be more perplexing than upsetting, as it is more difficult to separate the intent of the sender from the effect on the receiver. - Different people respond to hurtful messages in different ways. - Hurtful messages in close relationships can be more hurtful than in non-intimate relationships. - Closeness, history, and satisfaction can affect the way a receiver interprets a hurtful message. - The receiver’s communication style also affects their reaction to a hurtful message - there are three common styles that a receiver will respond to a hurtful message. - An invulnerable response is when the receiver responds indirectly by using coping mechanisms, like silence or laughing. - An acquiescent response is when the receiver accepts the message and responds with submission, weeping or an apology.

Any non-textbook info should be appended to the end of the chapter it was given under “Bonus Info” https://quizlet.com/392049001/comm-110-exam-3-flash-cards/

An active verbal response  is when the receiver is defensive about the message and responds with sarcasm or a declaration of self-defense. Deceptive Communication - Deception is dishonest communication. - There are several factors that explain the outcome of deception, such as the nature of the deception, the type of relationship, and the circumstances of the deception. - Deception by Omission - Deception by omission is when a person deliberately withholds information that their partner would expect to have. - Although it is okay to not divulge all information about yourself at the start of a relationship, withholding certain information later on may be considered deception by omission. - Although considered less malevolent than a lie, it can be just as devastating. - Deception by Commission - Deception by commission is when a person deliberately fabricates information (telling a lie). - There are three types of lies: - White lies  vary from the truth in a minor way. - Exaggerations  downplay or play up the truth. - Bald-faced lies  are absolute misrepresentations of information told confidently and with conviction. - Relational deception can be motivated by either altruistic or self-serving reasons. - Deception done for altruistic reasons are done with concern for the other person, not for oneself. - Altruistic deceptions happen not only in romantic relationships, but in parent-offspring relationships as well. - Deception done for self-serving reasons are done with concern for the perpetrator. - Typically done to avoid consequences or to gain a reward. - Our ability and willingness to recognize deception are affected by several elements, including anticipation of deception  and motivation to detect deception . -

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Any non-textbook info should be appended to the end of the chapter it was given under “Bonus Info” https://quizlet.com/392049001/comm-110-exam-3-flash-cards/

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In most scenarios, we do not anticipate deception, assume that people will be honest instead. - There are many times when people are not motivated to find out if someone is lying to them, because they want to avoid the consequences of knowing the truth. - There are many things to consider in the event of a relational misbehavior. - First, it is important to be certain that the misbehavior actually took place. - Both parties need to understand that a relational rule was violated. - It may be helpful to determine if the rule itself was necessary in the relationship. - When a misbehavior occurs, the response can vary. - A reproach shows that a relational expectation has been breached. - An account  is an explanation of one’s actions, which can be a justification (denying that a breach has actually occurred), excuse  (admission of the breach, but denying responsibility), or apology  (accepting that the breach has occurred). - After such a response, the sufferer will make a judgement. - We are less likely to blame someone if we find their misbehavior to be reasonable or unintentional. - The more authentic the apology, the more likely we are to accept it. - An apology or excuse is more likely to be accepted than a justification. - Finally, the sufferer will determine whether to move forward with the relationship or terminate it. - Leaving a misbehavior unresolved will cultivate bitterness and vengeance. Relational De-escalation and Termination - Should I Stay or Should I Go? Social Exchange Theory - Social exchange theory  states that in a relationship, people are looking for the maximum reward in exchange for the minimal cost. - As the relationship becomes more intimate, more and more factors have to be considered. - Immediate rewards and costs are occurrences that take place regularly, such as companionship and added responsibility. - Forecasted rewards and costs  are occurrences that you expect to have in the future, such as marriage and divergent plans.

Any non-textbook info should be appended to the end of the chapter it was given under “Bonus Info” https://quizlet.com/392049001/comm-110-exam-3-flash-cards/

Cumulative rewards and costs are occurrences that have amassed in a relationship, such as good memories/experiences and past emotional wounds. - Limitations of Social Exchange Theory - Social exchange theory is rooted in economics, and therefore in logic and reason, while humans are not always making logical decisions. “Costs” That Lead to Breakup - Relationships often end because the costs outweigh the rewards. - Faults are behavioral shortcomings that one sees in their partner. - Unwillingness to compromise  is when someone is reluctant to cooperate in a relationship. - Feeling constrained is when a person’s need for autonomy is not met. - In the case of friendships, unwillingness to support a friend, violating trust, excessive criticism, and jealousy are common reasons to end it. De-escalating and Terminating Relationships - A bilateral dissolution is when the urge to breakup is mutual in its partners; the former couple is therefore dealing mostly with post-breakup specifics. - A unilateral dissolution  is when only one person is seeking to end the relationship. - In this case, the person can use direct or indirect methods to begin. - Direct methods  are typically used in close relationships. - Indirect methods  are used in less intimate relationships. - Therefore, there are four possible forms of breakups: indirect and unilateral; direct and unilateral; indirect and bilateral; and direct and bilateral. The strategy to terminate the relationship varies with each form. - In the case of indirect/unilateral, the typical strategy is withdrawal , limiting contact with one’s partner and decreasing time spent together. - Pseudo-de-escalation  is masking the desire for relational termination by expressing the need to de-escalate the relationship instead. - Typically this doesn’t go over well, as it is inauthentic and confusing. - Cost escalation is when one makes the relationship undesirable so that the other person will terminate it. -

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Any non-textbook info should be appended to the end of the chapter it was given under “Bonus Info” https://quizlet.com/392049001/comm-110-exam-3-flash-cards/

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The direct/unilateral method typically starts with a state of the relationship  talk, discussing relational problems and challenges, and typically ending with a fait accompli , directly stating the end of the relationship, - The direct/bilateral strategy typically includes attributional conflict , experiencing conflict about the reason for the relational deterioration. On the other hand, they may agree to end the relationship without resentment in a negotiated farewell . - The indirect/bilateral strategy includes incrementalism (terminating the relationship once relational costs build up too high) and fading away  (gradual de-escalation). - Sudden death of a relationship occurs typically in the case of relational infidelity (cheating), a significant deception, or a swift shift in feelings, resulting in immediate termination without time for de-escalation. Knapp’s Model - Relational de-escalation is the process of declining intimacy. - Differentiating - In the differentiating stage , couples start to see themselves as independent of their partner. - Couples start noticing partners’ flaws and point out differing worldviews. - Circumscribing - In the circumscribing stage , the quality, and sometimes quantity, of communication decreases. - That is, communication is limited in depth and in breadth. - Certain topics are avoided altogether, leading to less overall communication. - Stagnating - In the stagnating stage, c ommunication becomes repetitive and generic. - There is no longer progression or emotional growth. - Couples can stay stagnant for long periods of time. However, they can still recover the relationship at this point. - Avoiding - In the avoiding stage ,  the couple engages in fewer interactions and there is an increase of physical, emotional, and psychological distance.

Any non-textbook info should be appended to the end of the chapter it was given under “Bonus Info” https://quizlet.com/392049001/comm-110-exam-3-flash-cards/

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- There is no longer any attempt to fix the relationship. - Terminating - In the terminating stage ,  the decision is made to completely end the relationship. - Signified by events such as moving out, divorce, and dividing assets. D...