CS 110 Final Study Guide 2018 PDF

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This doc covers every topic discussed in CS 110....

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CS 110 FINAL Study Guide 2018 : 1. Basic header file at the top of any programming code: - #include 2. Is a mechanism to avoid naming conflicts in a large program (written below libraries): - using namespace std; 3. How to execute the main function of the program? - Int main() 4. Is placed at the end of every main function to exit the program: - Return 0; 5. Special character used with functions: - Opening and closing parentheses - () 6. Denotes a block to enclose statements: - Opening and closing braces - { - } 7. Precedes a comment line: - Double slashes - // 8. Outputs to the console: - Stream insertion operator - >” 21. What are variables used for? - To store values used later inside the program 22. If variables are of the same datatype, how do you declare more than one? - Separate them by commas 23. Do variables ofen have initial values? - Yes 24. In C++, what is the equals sign (=) used for? - Its used as the assignment operator - Variable = expression 25. Whats a constant in C++? - A value that never changes in the program 26. How to declare a constant? - Write const before the datatype - const datatype CONSTANTNAME = value; 27. benefits of using constants? - Don’t have to repeatedly change value - If it needs to be changed, it only has to be done once 28. Syntax for addition? - Plus sign (+)

29. Syntax for subtraction? - Minus sign (-) 30. Syntax for multiplication? - Little star (*) 31. Syntax for division? - Backslash (/) 32. Syntax for modulus? - Percent sign (%) 33. What do you need to be careful about when applying division in a program? - To add .0 to a number 34. What does an augmented assignment operator do? - Performs operation last afer all other operations are done 35. Syntax for increment operators: - For example, lets say you have int I = 3; - Use i++; - Now its 4 - Same for “I - -“ but it decreases 36. Can you put ++ or - - behind the variable? - Yes 37. What happens when you put increment or decrement behind variable? - That new value is used in the operation 38. What are selection statements? - Boolean expressions 39. Whats a Boolean expression? - It evaluates to a Boolean value that can either be true or false 40. How many comparison operators are there? - 6 41. Syntax for less than sign: - < 42. syntax for less than or equal to sign: - 44. syntax for greater than or equal to sign: - >= 45. syntax for equal to sign: - == 46. syntax for not equal to sign: - != 47. A variable that holds a Boolean is value is known as what? - Boolean variable 48. How does C++ represent true? - 1

49. How does C++ represent false? - 0 50. A one way if statement executes an action if and only if what? - The condition is true 51. How to draw flowcharts: - Start with diamond box, that contains the Boolean condition - Below, a rectangle box is drawn to represent the statements - Use arrows to connect the boxes 52. Are Boolean expressions enclosed in parentheses? - Yes 53. Do you add a semicolon at the end of a Boolean expression? - No 54. Specifies different actions whether its true or false: - Two way if else statement 55. Should you use braces to enclose statements in if statements? - Yes 56. What Boolean operator negates true to false and false to true? - The “not” operator - ! 57. What Boolean operator is TRUE if and only if both other operators are true? - The “and” operator - && 58. What Boolean operator is TRUE if at least one of the operands is true? - The “or” operator - || 59. What is the equation to determine a leap year? - Leapyear = (year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0) 60. What kind of statement executes statements based on the value of a variable or an expression? - Switch statement 61. What kind of rules must a switch statement observe? - Must yield an integral value and must be enclosed by parentheses - Must be integers -

When the value in a case statement matches the value of the switch-expression, the statements starting from this case are executed until either a break statement or the end of the switch statement is reached.

62. Whats a default case in a switch statement? - Its optional and it executes a statement if nothing else happens 63. What keyword in a switch statement is optional? - Break 64. What does a break statement do? - Ends the switch statement

65. What kind of expression evaluates an expression based on a condition? - Conditional expression 66. How do conditional expressions work? - The result is “expression1” if “Boolean expression” is true; otherwise its “expression 2”. 67. Syntax for conditional expressions: - Boolean-expression ? expression1 : expression2; 68. What header is used for trig functions? - 69. Syntax for trig functions in radians? - Sin(radians) - Cos(radians) - Tan(radians) - Obviously you have to input values 70. Syntax for inverse trig functions? - Asin(a) - Acos(a) - Atan(a) 71. Syntax for e raised to power of x: - Exp(x) 72. Syntax for natural logarithm of x: - Log(x) 73. Syntax for base 10 logarithm of x: - Log10(x) 74. Syntax for a raised to power of b: - Pow(a, b) 75. Syntax for square root of x: - Sqrt(x) 76. Syntax for rounding functions: - Ceil(x) rounds x up to nearest integer - Floor(x) rounds x down to nearest integer 77. This data type represents a single character? - Character data type 78. Syntax for character data type? - Char 79. A character literal is enclosed by what? - Single quotation marks 80. Character ‘0’ to ‘9’ are what in ASCII code? - 48 to 57 81. Characters ‘A’ to ‘Z’ are what in ASCII code? - 65 to 90 82. Characters ‘a’ to ‘z’ are what in ASCII code? - 97 to 122

83. What are escape sequences? - They are notations to represent special characters 84. Syntax for backspace? - \b 85. ASCII code for backspace? - 8 86. Syntax for Tab? - \t 87. ASCII code for tab? - 9 88. syntax for new line? - \n 89. ASCII code for newline? - 10 90. Syntax for Form feed? - \f 91. ASCII code for form feed? - 12 92. syntax for carriage return? - \r 93. ASCII code for carriage return? - 13 94. Syntax for backslash: - \\ 95. ASCII code for backslash? - 92 96. Syntax for double quote: - \” 97. ASCII code for double quote: - 34 98. What happens when a float (or double) value Is casted into a char? - The float value is casted into an integer and then into a char 99. What happens when a char is casted into a numeric type? - Its ASCII code value its casted into a specific numeric type 100. Is a sequence of characters? - String 101. What header file do you need to include to use the string datatype? -

102. What type is the string? - An object type 103. What are the simple functions for a string? - Length - Size - At 104. What function returns the number of characters in a string? - Length() - Size() 105. What function returns the character at a specific index in the string? - At(index) 106. To write a program that displays a city with more than one word, how would you go about it? - Use getline(cin, s) 107. What in C++ provides additional functions for formatting how a value is displayed? - Stream manipulators 108. Sets the precision of a floating point number? - Setprecision(n) 109. Displays floating-point numbers in a fixed position? - Fixed 110. Causes a floating point numbr to be displayed with a decimal point with trailing zeroes? - Showpoint 111. How to write data to a file? - First declare a variable of the ofstream datatype 112. How to open a file? - Invoke the open function from output object - Output.open(“file.txt”) 113. How to close a file? - Output.close() - Input.close()

114. How to read data from a file? - Use ifstream input; 115. How to specify a file? - Use ifstream input(“file.txt”) 116. Executes statements repeatedly while the condition is true: - The while loop 117. Syntax for the while loop? - While (Loop – continuation – condition) 118. How to read all data from a file in a loop? - Use eof() function in while loop 119. This type of loop executes the loop body first, then checks the loop continuation condition: - Do while loop 120. Syntax for do while loop? - Do - { - // Loop body; - statements; - } while ( ); 121. Has a concise syntax for writing loops: - The for loop 122. Syntax for the “for loop”: - For (I = initialvalue; I < endvalue; i++) - { - …… - }

Continuation from midterm for FINAL… FUNCTIONS 1. Is a collection of statements grouped together to perform an operation: - A function 2. A function definition consists of? - Function name - Parameters - Return value type - Body 3. Syntax for defining a function? - Returnvaluetype functionname(list of parameters) 4. In an int function, what do you return? - A value 5. Having an & sign in the parameter list, what does that do? - Also returns the result back to the main function 6. What type of function doesn’t return a value? - A void function 7. The variables declared in a function header are known as? - Formal parameters 8. When a function is invoked, you pass what? - The actual parameters 9. The function exits when what is used? - The return statement is used 10. A function must be what before it is invoked? - Defined 11. A return statement is not needed for a void function but can be used to do what? - Terminate the function and return control to the functions caller 12. Algorithm to find GCD: - While (k … etc

13. How to test if a file exists when reading data from a file? - If (input.fail()) - { cout number; if (input.eof()) break; cout...