Cl 213 study guide and quizlet PDF

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https://quizlet.com/292923596/cl-213-bu-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ Hesiod's Creation Myth -In the beginning, there was a cosmic Vulva. Out of Chaos, Gaea (Earth) was born along with Tartarus and Eros. She produced the mountains, the sea, etc. Then, Gaea produced Ouranos (Sky) who was her opposite. Together, they came together and started reproducing heterosexually. Hesiod's Four Primal Entities -Gaea-Earth Tartarus-Hell Eros-Love Chaos-Nothing Separation of Earth and Sky -New Gods cannot appear until Earth and Sky are separated. Birth of the Titans -Ouranos was afraid that one day would become closer to their mother and start plotting against him. He never let the children get born, and pushes them back into her vulva each time. Naturally, Gaea got pissed and told the children inside her to reach up and castrate Ouranos, and Kronos did. The Titans were born. Birth of Aphrodite -So Ouranos's castrated penis fell into the sea. From the penis, the goddess Aphrodite was born, making her the first Olympian. Therefore, Aphrodite is basically a penis. Birth of Athena -Zeus swallows his wife Metis, who is pregnant, and births Athena from his skull, symbolizing her wisdom. Birth of Olympians -Kronos was afraid that his children would one day overpower him as he did with his own father. He eats his children each time one was born. At some point, there were 5 children in his belly; Demeter, Hestia, Hera, Poseidon, and Hades. When Rhea gave birth to his sixth child, Zeus, she didn't give the baby to Kronos. Instead, she sent Zeus off to be raised by goats. When Kronos asked for the baby, Rhea gave him a rock instead and he vomited the children out. Birth of Dionysus -Mother Semele demands to see Zeus in true form, Zeus strikes her with lightning and placed the unborn Dionysus in his thigh where he is born months later. Titans vs. Olympians War -The only way to win the battle is to find something that will tip the balance of things. In this case, Prometheus, the titan who created humans (and eventually stole fire) turned on the Titans and sided with the Gods. Hence, the Olympian gods won and ruled the world The Twelve Olympians -The 12 Olympians are: 1. Aphrodite

2. Zeus 3. Poseidon 4. Hades 5. Hestia 6. Hermes 7. Hera 8. Ares 9. Hephaistos 10. Apollo 11. Artemis 12. Athena The Nine Muses -The daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, they are the source of artistic and intellectual creativity. Hera and Hephaestus -Without Zeus' sperm, Hera births Hephaestus who although crippled, is the favorite of Hera. Gaea and Tyhpon -Gaea mates with Tartarus and produce Tyhpon. Zeus defeats the multiheaded repitle Typhon. Hesiod's View -Is very pessimistic of the human scene and views the world as gradually deteriorating. Wrote the Theogony. The personality behind the poems is unsuited to the kind of "aristocratic withdrawal" typical of a rhapsode but is instead "argumentative, suspicious, ironically humorous, frugal, fond of proverbs, wary of women."[18] He was in fact a misogynist of the same calibre as the later poet Semonides.[19] He resembles Solon in his preoccupation with issues of good versus evil and "how a just and all-powerful god can allow the unjust to flourish in this life". Prometheus -Initially sided with the Gods. Prometheus stole fire and gave it to the lowly humans. Fire = intelligence. Gave meat for dinner to mankind. Zeus chained him to a volcano and made vultures come and eat his intestines out everyday. Cause he's a Titan, his intestines would always regenerate and the cycle goes on forever. Intestines=also a symbol for intelligence. Pandora -In Greek mythology, the first woman. In Hesiod's Works and Days, Pandora had a jar containing all manner of misery and evil. Zeus sent her to Epimetheus, who forgot the warning of his brother Prometheus and made Pandora his wife. She afterward opened the jar, from which the evils flew out over the earth. Hope alone remained inside, the lid having been shut down before she could escape. Tartarus -The deep abyss that is used as a dungeon of torment and suffering for the wicked and as the prison for the Titans.

The Five Ages of Humanity (Hesiod) -- The Golden Age: During the Golden Age of Man, the ruler of gods and men was the Titan Cronus. Mankind lived harmoniously among the gods and interacted with them. -The Silver Age: Until the time of Hesiod, it was believed that Zeus was the god of gods and ruler of the universe. Men would live as children for a hundred years, supported by their mothers, while as adults, they lived for a very short time as they regularly clashed with each other. They did not pay tributes to the gods, for which reason Zeus killed all of them. -The Bronze Age: During this period, men were tough, trained, and warlike. Ended by flood of Deucalion. -The Heroic Age: After three eras of the mankind deteriorating in spirit, the Heroic Age was an improvement to the Bronze Age. This was the time that heroes and demigods lived, great fighters whose deeds would be sung for centuries to come. Trojan War. - The Iron Age: Hesiod believed he and his contemporaries were in the Iron Age, an age of desolation, destruction and pain. The Four Ages of Humanity (Ovid) -Excludes Heroic Age. Includes other four. Deucalion and Pyrrha -Prometheus warns his son Deucalion of a flood sent by Zeus, both survive. Demeter and Persephone -Hades had captured Persephone. Demeter, her mother, caused crops and plants to wither and die. A terrible famine gripped the earth. Zeus commanded that Hades release Persephone. Persephone was overjoyed. However he tricked her into eating some pomegranate seeds before she left the underworld. He knew that if she ate anything from the land of the dead, she would have to return to him for a part of each year. The Eleusinian Mysteries -were initiations held every year for the cult of Demeter and Persephone based at Eleusis in ancient Greece. They are the "most famous of the secret religious rites of ancient Greece." Zeus --Jupiter -Eagle, -Thunderbolt (sky, dominance) Poseidon --Neptune -Trident, -Bull (earthquakes & sea, strength) -Loves to hate Odysseus. Hades --Pluto -Cap of invisibility (unseeable)

Hera --Juno -Peacock (showy, queen) Demeter --Ceres -Sheaf of wheat Hestia --Vesta -Hearth and Fire Athena --Minerva -panoply, -Aegis (Shield with the head of a gorgon) -Owl (wisdom) Aphrodite --Venus -Dove (erotic themes) Hermes --Son of Zeus and Maia -Mercury -Winged sandals, traveler's hat, caduceus Apollo --Son of Zeus and Leto -bow & arrow, lyre, sun (guards hierarchies) -brother to artemis Artemis --Diana -Bow & arrow, moon -Sister to Apollo Hephaestus --Vulcan -Hammer and Anvil (artisan, arts & crafts, Dionysus --Son of Zeus and Semele -Bacchus -vine, mask, thyrsus -(wine god, lose identity, disorder, destroys hierarchy, makes you "free") Ares --Mars -Sword, shield, helmet -God of war -sister = athena Admetus --apollo's master when slave

-apollo gifted him by finding someone to die in his place to trade for immortality -the wife accepts the trade but Admetus can never be with another woman Orpheus and Eurydice -Orpheus and Eurydice Orpheus and Eurydice get married, but later that night, Eurydice is bit by a snake and dies. Overcome with grief, Orpheus travels to the Underworld to bring her back to life. He convinces Hades and Persephone to let Eurydice go. Eurydice must walk behind him as they ascend to the upper world, and Orpheus is forbidden from looking at her. As they reach the exit. He turns to look at Eurydice and she is immediately sent back to the Underworld - forever. Orpheus is devastated and roams around Greece playing sad songs. Eventually, he is ripped to shreds by a group of drunken mad women. Theseus and the Minotaur -Theseus killed the Minotaur and managed to find his way out of the labyrinth with the aid of Ariadne, the daughter of Minos. Ariadne fell in love with Theseus and gave him a ball of thread which he unraveled behind him as he walked through the labyrinthine corridors. Theseus sailed back to Athens forgetting to replace the black sails with white ones as a signal of victory. His father Aegean saw the black sail, and in despair ended his life by jumping into the sea. Perseus and Medusa -Perseus's grandfather - Akrisios - goes to the Oracle to ask how long he has left to live. The Oracle replies that he will die at the hands of his grandson - Perseus. Akrisios decides to take matters into his own hands. He puts Perseus and his mother - Danae into a crate and throws them into the sea. But the crate is rescued by a fisherman and Perseus and his mother find themselves on the Isle of Seriphos at the court of King Polydectes. Perseus must kill Medusa to save his mother from Polydectes, and uses the shield of Athena to see a reflection of Medusa and cut her head off. Asclepius --patron god of medicine -son of apollo and coronis -physician to soldiers wounded in the battlefield of troy The Iliad -The Greeks are quarrelling about whether or not to return Chryseis, a Trojan captive of King Agamemnon, to her father, Chryses, a priest of Apollo. When Agamemnon refuses and threatens to ransom the girl to her father, the offended Apollo plagues them. Achilles forces Agamemnon to return Chryseis in order to appease Apollo and end the plague. Agamemnon agrees but then takes Achilles's own war-prize concubine. Feeling dishonoured, Achilles withdraws both himself and his Myrmidon warriors from the Trojan War. During a brief truce in the hostilities, Paris and Menelaus meet in single combat over Helen, while she and old King Priam of Troy watch from the city walls and, despite the goddess

Aphrodite's intervention on behalf of the over-matched Paris, Menelaus is the victor. The goddess Athena, however, who favours the Greeks, soon provokes a Trojan truce-breaking and battle begins anew. Achilles steadfastly refuses the offered honours and riches and even Agamemnon's belated offer to return Briseis to him. Diomedes and Odysseus sneak into the Trojan camp and wreak havoc. But, with Achilles and his warriors out of battle, the tide appears to begin to turn in favour of the Trojans. Agamemnon is wounded in the battle and, despite the heroics of Ajax, Hector successfully breaches the fortified Greek camp, wounding Odysseus and Diomedes in the process, and threatens to set the Greek ships on fire. Torn between his allegiances, Achilles orders his friend and lover, Patroclus, to dress in Achilles' own armour and to lead the Myrmidons in repelling the Trojans. Intoxicated by his success, Patroclus forgets Achilles' warning, and pursues the fleeing Trojans to the walls of Troy and would have taken the city were it not for the actions of Apollo. In the heat of the battle, though, Hector finds the disguised Patroclus and, thinking him to be Achilles, fights and kills him. Distraught at the death of his companion, Achilles then reconciles with Agamemnon and rejoins the fray, despite knowing his deadly fate. Clad in new armour fashioned specially for him by Hephaestus, Achilles takes revenge for his friend Patroclus by slaying Hector in single combat, but then defiles and desecrates his corpse for several days. Hector's father, King Priam, emboldened by his grief and aided by Hermes, recovers Hector's corpse from Achilles, and "The Iliad" ends with Hector's funeral during a twelve day truce granted by Achilles. The Odyssey -Ten years after the Fall of Troy, and twenty years after the Greek hero Odysseus first set out from his home in Ithaca to fight with the other Greeks against the Trojans, Odysseus' son Telemachus and his wife Penelope are beset with over a hundred suitors who are trying to persuade Penelope that her husband is dead and that she should marry one of them. Encouraged by the goddess Athena, Telemachus sets out to look for his father. The scene then changes to Calypso's island, where Odysseus has spent seven years in captivity. Calypso is finally persuaded to release him by Hermes and Zeus, but Odysseus' makeshift boat is wrecked by his nemesis Poseidon, and he swims ashore onto an island. He is found by the young Nausicaa and her handmaidens and is made welcome by King Alcinous and Queen Arete of the Phaeacians, and begins to tell the amazing story of his return from Troy. Odysseus tells how he and his twelve ships were driven off course by storms, and how they visited the lethargic Lotus-Eaters with their memory-erasing food, before being captured by the

giant one-eyed cyclops Polyphemus (Poseidon's son), only escaping after he blinded the giant with a wooden stake. Despite the help of Aeolus, King of the Winds, Odysseus and his crew were blown off course again just as home was almost in sight. They narrowly escaped from the cannibal Laestrygones, only to encounter the witch-goddess Circe soon after. Circe turned half of his men into swine, but Odysseus had been pre-warned by Hermes and made resistant to Circe's magic. They skirted the land of the Sirens, passed between the many-headed monster Scylla and the whirlpool Charybdis, and hunted down the sacred cattle of the sun god Helios. For this sacrilege, they were punished by a shipwreck in which all but Odysseus himself drowned. He was washed ashore on Calypso's island, where she compelled him to remain as her lover. Disguised as a wandering beggar and telling a fictitious tale of himself, Odysseus learns from a local swineherd how things stand in his household. An archery competition is arranged by Penelope for the suitors, which the disguised Odysseus easily wins, and he then promptly slaughters all the other suitors. Only now does Odysseus reveal and prove his true identity to his wife by stating that the bed they slept on was made by him out of an olive tree. Hesiod Works and Days -The connecting link of the whole poem is the author's advice to his brother, Perses, who appears to have bribed the corrupt judges to deprive Hesiod of his already scanty inheritance, and is content to while away his time in idle pursuits and accept Hesiod's additional charity. Specific episodes which rise above the rather prosaic average include an early account of the "Five Ages of the World"; a much admired description of winter; the earliest known fable in Greek literature, that of "The Hawk and the Nightingale"; and the stories, also described in his "Theogony", of Prometheus stealing fire from Zeus and the resulting punishment of man when Pandora releases all the evils of mankind from her jar (referred to in modern accounts as "Pandora's box"), with only Hope left trapped inside. Agamemnon -Agamemnon's wife, Clytemnestra, has a grudge for many years since Agamemnon had sacrificed their daughter, Iphigenia, at the start of the Trojan War in order to to appease the offended god Artemis. In Agamemnon's absence, she has taken as her lover his cousin, Aegisthus. When Agamemnon does return, he brings with him Cassandra, an enslaved Trojan priestess of Apollo, as his concubine, further angering Clytemnestra. When Clytemnestra finally convinces Agamemnon to enter their home, she kills him with an axe while he is undefended in his bath, like an animal killed for sacrifice. Agamemnon's fortunes have therefore taken a complete reversal from the very summit of prosperity and renown to the abyss of ruin and an ignominious death. Cassandra (who had been cursed by Apollo with the gift of seeing the future but the curse that no-one will believe her prophesies) enters the palace to die, knowing that she cannot avoid her fate. The play closes with the Chorus reminding the usurpers that Agamemnon's son Orestes will surely return to exact vengeance.

The Oresteia Triology -"The Libation Bearers" deals with the reunion of Agamemnon's children, Electra and Orestes, and their revenge as they kill Clytemnestra and Aegisthus. "The Eumenides" tells of how Orestes is pursued to Athens by the vengeful Erinyes for the murder of his mother, Clytemnestra, and how he is tried before Athena and a jury of Athenians to decide whether his crime justifies the torment of the Erinyes. Apollo is the defense of Orestes. The Furies are the prosecution. Orestes Fate -His Trial for the murder of his mother Clytemnestra, the first ever murder trial in Greece, results in a split decision, and he is acquitted by Athena. Antigone -The action of "Antigone" follows on from the Theban civil war, in which the two brothers, Eteocles and Polynices, died fighting each other for the throne of Thebes after Eteocles had refused to give up the crown to his brother as their father Oedipus had prescribed. Creon, the new ruler of Thebes, has declared Polynices is to be disgraced by leaving his body unburied on the battlefield. As the play begins, Antigone vows to bury her brother Polynices' body in defiance of Creon's edict. Her sister Ismene refuses to help her, fearing the death penalty. Antigone goes off and has in fact buried her brother's body. Creon, furious at this wilful disobedience, questions Antigone over her actions. Ismene is also summoned and interrogated and tries to confess falsely to the crime, wishing to die alongside her sister, but Antigone insists on shouldering full responsibility. Creon's son, Haemon, who is betrothed to Antigone, pledges allegiance to his father's will but then gently tries to persuade his father to spare Antigone. The two men are soon bitterly insulting each other and eventually Haemon storms out, vowing never to see Creon again. Creon decides to spare Ismene but rules that Antigone should be buried alive in a cave as punishment for her transgressions. The blind prophet Tiresias warns Creon that the gods side with Antigone, and that Creon will lose a child for his crimes of leaving Polynices unburied and for punishing Antigone so harshly but Creon merely dismisses him as a corrupt old fool. Creon reconsiders, and eventually he consents to follow their advice and to free Antigone and to bury Polynices. But, a messenger then enters to report that, in their desperation, both Haemon and Antigone have taken their own lives. Creon's wife, Eurydice, is distraught with grief over the loss of her son, and flees the scene. A second messenger then brings the news that Eurydice has also killed herself and, with her last breath, had cursed her husband. Oedpius Rex -Shortly after Oedipus' birth, his father, King Laius of Thebes, learned from an oracle that he, Laius, was doomed to perish by the hand of his own son, and so ordered his wife Jocasta to kill the infant. before being taken in and raised in the court of the childless King Polybus of Corinth as if he were his own son. Oedipus consulted an oracle which foretold that he would marry his own mother and kill his own

father. Desperate to avoid this foretold fate, and believing Polybus and Merope to be his true parents, Oedipus left Corinth. On the road to Thebes, he met Laius, his real father, and, unaware of each other's true identities, they quarrelled and Oedipus' pride led him to murder Laius, fulfilling part of the oracle's prophecy. Later, he solved the riddle of the Sphinx and his reward for freeing the kingdom of Thebes from the Sphinx's curse was the hand of Queen Jocasta (actually his biological mother) and the crown of the city of Thebes. Chorus of Theban elders are calling on King Oedipus to aid them with the plague which has been sent by Apollo to ravage the city. the plague will only end when the murderer of their former king, Laius, is caught and brought to justice. Oedipus vows to find the murderer and curses him for the plague that he has caused. Oedipus also summons the blind prophet Tiresias, who claims to know the answers to Oedipus' questions. Tiresias is provoked into telling the king the truth, that he himself is the murderer. When a messenger from Corinth arrives with news of the death of King Polybus, Oedipus shocks everyone with his apparent happiness at the news, as he sees this as proof that he can never kill his father, although he still fears that he may somehow commit incest with his mother. The messenger, eager to ease Oedipus' mind, tells him not to worry because Queen Merope of Corinth was not in fact his real mother anyway. The messenger turns out to be the very shepherd who had looked after an abandoned child, which he later took to Corinth and gave up to King Polybus for adoption. He is also the very same shepher...