Cluster 80a reding notes midterm PDF

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Social gerontology: the study of how diverse aging experiences interact with social structure.  Social gerontologists studies what is the role and importance of the older population and the aging processes in the social structure. Gerontology: the study of the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging. Geriatrics: how to prevent or manage the diseases that often occur as people age. Geriatricians: health professionals who work to prevent and treat diseases that increase in incidence with age.

Fields of aging  Geriatricians o Physicians trained in geriatrics  Gerontological specialists o Received training in gerontology through a certificate, but in another discipline; for example, physical and occupational therapists, social workers, nurses, and physicians.  Gerontologists o People who trained in gerontology and holds a degree in gerontology. Few than the above. Younger stages: development/maturation

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Senescence: at age 30, changes other than growth occur in human body  Reducing the viability or different bodily systems  Final stage in the development of an organism Aging in social structure  Roles, expectations, opportunities, statues and constraints to people of different ages o School work child etc. o Toddler, child, young adult, or old person Cohort: used to describe groups of people born at approximately the same time or period in history, and therefore might share common experiecnes or triats.  Example o People in their late 80s: Great depression, world war ii, and the korean war.  Different education level

Processes of aging

Short Definition

Chronological

A person's year lived from birth

Biological

Physiological changes that reduce the efficiency of organ systems

Psychological

Changes in sensory and perceptual processes, cognitive abilities, adaptive capacity, and personality and emotions.

Social

Changing roles and relationships with family, friends, and within organizations.

1.2.1 Diversity and terminology  Older people aging differently in general, some variables may includes their  Physiological changes, health and functional status, psychological well-being, social class, gender, sexual orientation, and race/ethnicity.  Social gerontology considers how the different factors of aging affects the condition of the older population and what are ways to improve or achieve active aging, resilience, hardiness, and productivity. 1.2.2 60

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sexagenarian septuagenarian octogenarian nonagenarian centenarian Supercentenarian s s s s s s 1.2.3 

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Ageism: discrimination and stereotypes because of the fears of disease, disability, and death, which are associated with being old. x  Can be internalized within people because of their socialization regarding age  institutionalized through organization policies and practices Result of ageism  Discriminatory behavior and institutional policies and practices against old people.

1.2.4 Reality of aging

Social stereotypes of aging

Aging is another phase of growth and development.

"silver tsunami"

In the past 50 years, the older population has continuous worked to change the perceptions of politics, policies, and programs of the society.

Because of the pursuit to live longer and the advancement of medical technologies, the cost for health care has escalated.

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Active aging  WHO definition: the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation, and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age.  Easy explanations o Attempts to improve many perspectives of aging. o Your early year affects your older life.  Including those who are frail, disable, or require assistance with daily activities. Life-course approach: compare to life-span development, it takes into accounts the cultural, historical, and social contexts or one's aging process.  It investigate on how early life experiences, choices, and decisions affect one's later life. Aspects of active aging

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Economic determinations Health and social services Social determinants Physical environment Personal determinants Behavioral determinants Health and social services Ethnicity Race Gender Sexual orientation Social determinants of health o Access to education, employment and health care beginning from childhood

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Person-environment(P-E) perspective on social Gerontology  Environment is not a static backdrop, but o Changes continually as the older person takes from it what he or she needs o Controls what can be modified o Adapts to conditions that cannot be changed  Adaptation means a dual process in which the individual adjusts to some characteristics of the social and physical environment and bring about changes in others.

The competence model  A useful way to view the dynamic interactions between the person's physical and psychological characteristics and the social and physical environment Environmental press  The demands that social and physical environments make on the individual to adapt, respond, or change. o Ecological model: to not only take into accounts of an older person's health condition, but also his/her environmental and living conditions.  Individuals performs at their maximum level when the environmental press slightly exceeds the level at which they adapt. o Test their limits without challenging them o When the press is too high or too low, the environment must be changes

Environmental interventions  To intervene with the environment when there is a need or a problem.

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Since 1900, the percentage of Americans 65 years and older more than triples, rising from 4.1 percent of the total population to 14.5 percent in 2014. The increase of the older population is partially because of the growing life expectancy in the U.S. 1900: 47 years old Woman higher than man

How aging and older adults are studies Development of gerontology as a scientific discipline o Roots in biological studies of the aging processes and in the psychology of human development. Milestones o The history of life and death: first textbook o Adolph Quetelet (below) o The Problem of Age, Elie Metchnikoff o Senescence, the Last Half of Life, G. Stanley Hall o In 1945, the Gerontological Society of America (GSA) was founded  Add life to years o The Journal of Gerontology, the GSA began to publish in 1946 o Today, the GSA has over 5,500 members o In 1946, a national gerontology research center, headed by the late Nathan Shock (a leader in geriatric medicine), was established at Baltimore City Hospital by the National Institutes of Health  a longitudinal study of physiological changes in healthy middle-aged and older men living in the community  in 1978, older women were included in their samples. Known as the Baltimore Longitudinal Studies of Aging (BLSA) o Relatively recently, persons of color have been recruited as research subjects; 13 percent are African Americans, mostly in the younger cohorts o University of Chicago started the specific study of the social aspects of aging. Cross-sectional research o The collection of data on people of different ages at one time Longitudinal research o The study of the same person over a period of months or years.

Findings of BLSA  ”Normal” changes that occur with aging do not inevitably lead to diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, or dementia. A number of disorders that typically occur in old age are a result of disease processes, not normal aging.  No single, chronological timetable of human aging exists. Instead, there are more differences among older people than among younger people. Genetics, lifestyle, social determinants of health, and disease processes affect the rate of aging between and within all individuals. The four principles of life-course theory are:

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Historical time and place (e.g., social context and cohort effects) Timing in lives Linked lives (the lives of individuals affect and are affected by the lives of others, often through intergenerational transmission of shared experiences) (Settersten, 2015)  Human agency to make choices (Elder, 1994, 1998

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social constructivism is one element of the phenomenological approach to knowledge. o Instead of asking how factors such as age cohorts, life stages, or system needs organize and determine one's experience of aging, social constructionists reverse the question and ask how individuals—whether professionals or laypersons—draw on age-related explanations and justifications in the ways that they relate to and interact with one another. I

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Compression of morbidity o Longevity dividend o To minimize the premature death

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Factors contributing to the decline in disability o Improved medical treatment  Cardiovascular disease o Positive behavior / lifestyle change o Assistive technologies o Rising educational levels o Improvements in socioeconomic statues

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Active and dependent life expectancy o Way of describing expected length of life, a manner of living that is relatively health and independent in contrast of being dependent on help from others o The trend of compression of morbidity may be reversed because of:  Growing rates of diabetes  Increased functional impairment  Relatively low exercises rates

Normal changes within the body  Muscle mass, fat, and water o Decline in muscle mass and increase in fat o Sarcopenia: the loss of muscle and water o Effects their ability to metabolize many medications  Adverse reactions: disorientation, falls, and overmedication

Changes in the Endocrine system

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The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things. Age causes circulating levels of daytime and nighttime thyroid-stimulating hormone and growth hormone to decrease / prolactin and melatonin secretion are also decreased.

Immune system  T cells: to resist infection throughout the life span  Aging causes t cells to stop develop  Aging also causes a specific terminally differentiated T cells and oligoclonal expansions of virusspecific t cells to increase which causes immuosenescence (the gradual deterioration of the immune system brough on by aging.

Diabetes  Within age, a decrease in insulin secretion is common and can lead to diabetes mellitus o Insulin: produced and secured by the pancreas o Insufficient amount and use of insulin are the cause of this disease o Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases in which there is hyperglycemia, or above-normal amounts of glucose in the blood and urine, resulting from deficits in insulin production or insulin resistance or both. o High blood glucose level o Primary risk factors  Age  Family history  race/ethnicity  Health disparities Type II Diabetes  Non-insulin-dependent diabetes o Most common in older adults o Obese and sedentary

Biological Theories of Aging  Functional capacity: the performance ability of the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs.  Senescence: the normal process of changes over time in the body o Intrinsic aging: characteristics and processes that occur naturally and universally with all older adults. o Extrinsic age changes: dur to disease processes, disuse, or environmental factors, such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun. o Normal aging: the sum of intrinsic aging, extrinsic aging, and idiosyncratic or individual genetic factors within each individual.  Criteria of biological aging o Universal o Deleterious/result in physiological decline o Progressive o Intrinsic  Theories of biological aging o Cellular aging o Immunological theory o Wear and tear o Free radical or oxidative stress Mitochondrial DNA mutation theory Wear-and-tear  Like a machine, the organism simply wears out over time. Cellular aging theory  Aging occurs as cells slow their number replications  Telomeres: protective DNA structures at the end of chromosomes,  Telomeres shorten with each cell division and keep track of the number of divisions it undergoes. Immunological Theories  Replicative senescence occurs with aging, and aging is a function of body's immune system becoming defective over time. The free radical theory  The free radical theory—or oxidative stress model of aging—states that the progressive irreversible accumulation of oxidative damage to cells explains loss of physiological function as we age. Mitochondrial DNA mutation Theory

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aging may be due to errors made during the cell’s attempt to repair or replicate damaged DNA in the mitochondria

Cancers: older adults are more likely to get cancer  Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in older women, and prostate cancer is most common among older men.  Lung cancer is the next most prevalent cancer in both men and women, followed by colon cancer. Further, lung cancer is the primary of cause of death among both men and women, followed by prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women.  Colon cancer is the third cause of death for both men and women. Median age: half the population was older than the middle age o from 28 in 1970 to 37.8 in 2016 There is a major shift in population age from 1900s to now. The population pyramid illustrates the changing proportions of young and old persons in the population

Support Ratios  "dependency ratio" o relationship between the proportion of the population that is employed and the population that is not in the work for (thus "dependent" o Obtained by comparing the percent of the population age 18 to 65 to the proportion over 65 o Increased steadily: proportionately fewer employed persons support retired older persons today. o Problematic  Many older persons are in the labor force while many age from 18-65 aren't Population trends  Elders of color o Because of long term inequality, they usually have more chronic illnesses and lower life expectancy than whites.  Starts to reverse slightly after age 85  Geographic Distribution o Statistical information on older adults state by state is necessary in planning for the distribution of federal funds  The older Americans Act. o The geographic distribution of elders also impacts living arrangements; social, health, and long-term care policies; and cross-cultural issues. o Question: Despite their low distribution in rural communities, older adults make up a greater percentage of rural populations than in the general population. What do you think accounts for this higher proportion of elders in rural communities? Relatedly, what are some advantages and disadvantages for older adults living in rural areas? If you were a middle-aged person living in a rural area, what would be some of your concerns as you pondered growing old in rural America  Educational and Economic Status o Education level is closely associated with economic well-being.

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o Increased social status in past decades o Women are twice likely to be poor as their male counterparts Impact of demographic trends o Federal spending o People's expectations about the quality of life

The phenomenon of global aging  More people are living longer and  Fertility rates have declined in many regions of the world  United Nations' definition of population aging: the rapid growth of the population age 60 and older.  Europe and Northeast Asia will feel the economic and social burden of an increasing agedependency ratio.  The countries set politics o To increase birthrates o New retirement policies to counter aging Modernization theory  Explanation for the declining status of the old in modern society o As society becomes modernized, older people lose political and social power, influence, and leadership o Over time, the characteristics of modernization that contribute to the lower status of older adults are: health technology, scientific technology (as applied in economic production and distribution), urbanization, and occupation and mass education. China  A meta-analysis was conducted of studies from 1990 onward examining suicide among Chinese older adults both in China and overseas.  In China, the over-65 age group has the highest rate of completed suicide, four to five times higher than the general population.  Modernization and Filial Piety in China o filial piety or responsibility—a sense of reverence and deference toward elders—in China and Taiwan was not universal but was affected by family resources, the number of living children, and geographic location....